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Soviet-Chinese relations. 1952-1955Soviet-Chinese communiqué on the transfer of the Chinese Changchun Railway by the Soviet government to the government of the People's Republic of China. January 1, 1953
A source: Soviet-Chinese relations. 1952-1955: Collection of documents. 2015. pp. 75-76
Archive: News. 1953. Jan 1
36.
In accordance with the Soviet-Chinese agreement of February 14, 1950 on the Chinese Changchun Railway *, as well as the Soviet-Chinese communiqué on the transfer of the Chinese Changchun Railway to the government of the People's Republic of China of September 15, 1952 **, the government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics free of charge transferred to full ownership all its rights in the joint management of the Chinese Changchun Railway, with all the property belonging to the road, and the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China, free of charge, took into full ownership all the rights of the Soviet government in the joint management of the Chinese Changchun Railway, with all the property belonging to the road .
The transfer of the Chinese Changchun Railway is framed by the Final Protocol, signed by the Joint Soviet-Chinese Commission on December 31, 1952 in Harbin ***.
The work of the Joint Soviet-Chinese Commission for the Transfer of the CCRR, established by agreement of both governments on an equal footing, proceeded in an atmosphere of friendly mutual understanding.
The property of the Chinese Changchun Railway, donated by the Soviet government to the government of the People's Republic of China, includes railway lines running from Manchuria station to Suifynhe (Pogranichnaya) station and from Harbin to Dalny and Port Arthur with lands, railway facilities and devices, rolling stock - steam locomotives , freight and passenger cars, diesel trains, locomotive and car repair plants, power plants, telephone and telegraph stations, communication facilities and lines, auxiliary railway branches, service and technical and civil buildings, economic organizations, utility and other enterprises and institutions serving the specified road, as well as property acquired,restored and newly built during the period of joint Soviet-Chinese administration.
The Soviet-Chinese Society of the Chinese Changchun Railway, created on the principles of equality and mutual respect for the sovereign rights of both sides, achieved serious economic successes and progress in the restoration and further development of the railway economy destroyed by the Japanese militarists and the Kuomintang.
The joint activity of Soviet and Chinese railroad workers, proceeding in an atmosphere of friendly cooperation, was a serious contribution to the further strengthening of Soviet-Chinese friendship based on the principles of equality and mutual assistance.
At the signing of the Final protocol on the transfer - acceptance of the road were present:
From the Soviet side - Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in the People's Republic of China A.S. Panyushkin.
From the Chinese side - Premier of the State Administrative Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Central People's Government Zhou Enlai, Minister of Railways Teng Daiyuan, Deputy Foreign Minister Wu Xiuquan, Vice Chairman of the People's Government of the Northeast Gao Chongmin.
* See Soviet-Chinese Relations... - pp. 110-113.
** See doc. 19.
*** See doc. 34.
Note by the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR A.Ya. Vyshinsky and Deputy Minister of Internal and Foreign Trade of the USSR S.A. Borisov to the Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR G.M. Malenkov. January 10, 1953
A source: Soviet-Chinese relations. 1952-1955: Collection of documents. 2015. pp. 77-78
Archive: AVPRF. F. 07. Op. 29. P. 5. D. 69. L. 25, 26, 28.
37.
In connection with the instructions of the Permanent Commission for Foreign Affairs under the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU dated January 2, We present a draft response to the Embassy of the People's Republic of China regarding the organization of the Exhibition of the People's Economy of the People's Republic of China in Moscow and the Soviet Industrial Exhibition in Beijing. At the same time, we present a revised draft Resolution*.
According to the Ministry of Foreign Trade and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the USSR, the Exhibition of the People's Economy of the PRC should be held in August 1953 in the "hexahedron" pavilion, located in the Central Park of Culture and Recreation. M. Gorky. The premises that were previously used for industrial exhibitions of the people's democracies are insufficient in area (3,300 square meters, while the Chinese exhibition requires more than 5,000 square meters). One of these premises, with an area of 1,800 square meters, is currently equipped as a warehouse for the Construction Department of the Palace of Soviets, the other is also used as a warehouse and is in a dilapidated state.
The Ministry of Foreign Trade and the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs consider that the costs associated with the organization and holding of the Chinese exhibition in Moscow (with the exception of the costs of repairing and restoring the Hexagon Pavilion) will have to be borne by the Chinese side. This corresponds to the established practice of holding in the USSR industrial exhibitions of the people's democracies.
To cover the costs of the exhibition, it is necessary to allow the Chinese side to sell in the USSR part of the goods from the exhibition, as was the case when organizing industrial exhibitions in Moscow of the countries of people's democracy and Finland.
The Ministry of Foreign Trade and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the USSR consider it necessary to allow the Ministry of Railways of the USSR to charge a railway tariff for exhibition cargoes of the Chinese exhibition at a 50% discount.
The issue was agreed with the USSR Ministry of Finance.
The draft resolution is attached.
Please consider.
S. Borisov
A. Vyshinsky
Application
Draft response to the Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the USSR**
The government of the USSR accepts the proposal of the government of the People's Republic of China to organize the Exhibition of the People's Economy of the People's Republic of China in Moscow in the summer of 1953. It would be desirable to appoint the opening of this exhibition for August of this year.
The question of organizing a Soviet industrial exhibition in Peking is currently being studied.
* Not published.
* Approved by the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU of February 7, 1953Recording of the conversation of the head of the group of Soviet specialists in the PRC P.N. Pigolkin with Vice Chairman of the Financial and Economic Committee of the State Administrative Council of the People's Republic of China Li Fuchun. March 2, 1953
Visited Li Fuchun on March 2, 1953 at his request.
During the conversation, Li Fuchun expressed the hope that now the issues raised by the Chinese government delegation will probably be resolved soon. with the State Planning Committee of the USSR, all the questions that were of interest to him were sorted out. The study with Chinese advisers and planners also ends today. Now let's wait for the official answer. This answer is much awaited in Beijing.
Li Fuchun said that on February 9 and 10, 1953, he sent telegrams to Beijing, in which he outlined the essence of the remarks of the State Planning Committee of the USSR, orally reported in a conversation with Li Fuchun by the Chairman of the State Planning Committee of the USSR Comrade Saburov M.Z.
In response to these telegrams, Li Fuchun received a letter from Comrade Zhou Enlai with Jiang Shufang, head of the General Plan Office of the State Planning Committee of the People's Republic of China, specially sent to Moscow.
In this letter, Li Fuchun is informed that the preliminary, oral remarks of the USSR State Planning Committee reported by him have been considered and the proposals of the USSR State Planning Committee in terms of reducing the average annual growth rate of industrial output to 13.5 - 15% should be accepted so that the plan is overfulfilled.
At the same time, the letter expresses the opinion that the expected average annual increase in industrial output will not be less than 20%.
The remarks of the USSR State Planning Committee on the draft five-year plan for individual sectors of the national economy of the PRC were discussed by the State Planning Committee of the PRC, the Central Financial and Economic Committee, together with the heads of ministries and departments of the PRC, who agree with the oral conclusion and recommendations of the USSR State Planning Committee on five-year plans for the development of sectors of the national economy of the PRC.
Further, Li Fuchun is instructed to clarify the following questions in the State Planning Committee of the USSR:
1. In connection with the disproportions that are developing in the five-year plan in the capacities for the production of steel and rolled ferrous metals, will it not be possible to agree with the Soviet side on reducing the delivery of the second blooming to the Anshan Iron and Steel Works by one year. As a result of this, the capacities for rolling ferrous metals will be expanded, and at the end of the five-year plan, the import of rolled products from the USSR will be reduced.
2. In connection with a slight decrease in the pace of industrial development of the PRC, the demand for electricity is also reduced in the first five years. It has been calculated that the increase in power capacity over the five-year period should be 1,900,000 kW.
In 1957, all power plants in China should generate 15 billion kWh of electricity against 19,752 million kWh designed under the original version of the five-year plan.
Of the 1,900,000 kW of new power equipment planned to be put into operation within the five-year period, it is necessary to ask the USSR to supply China with power equipment with a capacity of 1,000,000 kW. It is desirable to consider specific objects according to the presented title list.
3. The design and supply of equipment for the Lanzhou oil refinery should be carried out in such a way that in 1957-1958. it was possible to expand the production capacity by a million tons, i.e. so that in 1953 the plant had a production capacity for processing 2 million tons of crude oil.
4. The design and construction of the Harbin Turbine Generator Plant should be carried out at a higher capacity than indicated in the title list handed over to the Soviet side (600,000 kW of turbogenerators), and provide for the possibility of manufacturing steam turbine plants for shipbuilding at this plant.
Li Fuchun said that at the present time these questions would not be officially raised with the Soviet side until an answer was received on the draft of the entire five-year plan.
The letter goes on to inform that Beijing has considered the recommendation of the USSR State Planning Committee to initially develop directives for the first five-year plan, and this recommendation is recognized as acceptable.
Li Fuchun's letter was signed by six members of the CPC Central Committee - Zhou Enlai, Chen Yun, Bo Yibo, Gao Gang, and others.
At the end of the letter, it is said that Jiang Shufang is instructed to verbally inform Li Fuchun about the state of affairs in Beijing on the development of the PRC Five-Year Plan and, having familiarized himself with the state of affairs from Li Fuchun, return to Beijing.
Li Fuchun said that, according to Jiang Shufang, at present, in Beijing, taking into account the verbal remarks of the Chairman of the State Planning Committee of the USSR, Comrade Saburov M.Z.
It is expected that in early April 1953, at the enlarged plenum of the Central Committee of the CPC, the draft directives on the five-year plan for the economic construction of the People's Republic of China will be approved, and in early 1954, the law on the first five-year plan will be approved at the National People's Congress at the National People's Congress.
At present, the State Planning Committee of the People's Republic of China, the Central Financial Committee, ministries and departments, with the involvement of Soviet advisers, are actively working to refine the outlines of the five-year plan for the entire national economy and individual industries, but all this work, as Li Fuchun said, will be unfinished until an official conclusion on the draft outlines of the five-year plan will be received and it will not be said what share in the construction of the PRC economy will be taken by the Soviet Union.
Peking is eagerly awaiting a response from the Soviet side on this issue.
At the end of the conversation, I told Li Fuchun that, as he knew, the State Planning Committee of the USSR studied in detail all the available materials on the draft of the first five-year plan for the economic construction of the PRC and, probably, would soon acquaint Li Fuchun with its official conclusion**.
Li Fuchun said that the State Planning Committee of the USSR had done a lot of work, that he was very grateful to the Chairman of the State Planning Committee Saburov M.Z. and his deputies for an objective analysis of the available materials and the training that was organized in the USSR State Planning Committee for advisers and experts of the Chinese delegation.
P. Pigolkin
* Li Fuchun in August 1952 - June 1953 was in Moscow, participated in the development of the first five-year plan of the PRC (see doc. 59).
** See doc. 49.50.Telegram from Chairman of the Central People's Government of China Mao Zedong to Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR N.M. Shvernik. March 6, 1953
Comrade Shvernik!
With boundless sorrow, the Chinese people, the Chinese government and I personally learned of the death of the dearest friend and great teacher of the Chinese people, Comrade Stalin. This is an infinite loss not only for the Soviet people, but also for the Chinese people, for the entire camp of peace and democracy, and for the peace-loving peoples of the whole world. On behalf of the Chinese people, the Chinese government and myself personally, I want to convey to you, the Soviet people and the Soviet government my deepest condolences.
The victory of the Chinese people's revolution is absolutely inextricably linked with the constant care, guidance and support provided by Comrade Stalin over the past 30 plus years. After the victory of the Chinese people's revolution, Comrade Stalin, the great Soviet people and the Soviet government led by him, rendered generous and disinterested assistance to the Chinese people in their creative work. The Chinese people will always remember with gratitude this great and deep friendship with which Comrade Stalin treated the Chinese people. The unfading light of Comrade Stalin will always illuminate the path along which the Chinese people are walking.
Comrade Chairman! The glorious party of Lenin and Stalin, the great Soviet people and the Soviet government will undoubtedly meet with fraternal friendship, constant trust and support from the Communist Party of China, the Chinese people and the Chinese government. The Chinese people will undoubtedly always and most resolutely stand closely by the side of the great Soviet people, consolidate and strengthen the world camp of peace and democracy led by the Soviet Union, increase their vigilance, redouble their efforts in the struggle against the provocateurs of war, and fight to the end for the main interests of the Soviet and Chinese peoples, for peace and security throughout the world. I am sure that all working people, all peace-loving progressive mankind of the whole world will walk with us along the path indicated by Comrade Stalin and will take into their own hands the sacred cause of preserving peace throughout the world.
Mao Zedong
Telegram from the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China Zhou Enlai to the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR A.Ya. Vyshinsky. March 6, 1953
With a feeling of deep bitterness, I learned that our dearly beloved Comrade Stalin left us after a serious illness. The death of Comrade Stalin is an incomparable loss not only for the Soviet people, but also for the Chinese people and all the peace-loving peoples of the world. Comrade Minister, on this occasion I express my deepest condolences to you and the Soviet people. I am sure that in these sad days the peoples of China and the Soviet Union will rally even closer to each other, increase their vigilance and work tirelessly for the common cause of defending international peace and fighting aggressive wars.
Illuminated by Stalin's immortal light, the great friendship between China and the Soviet Union will continue to grow stronger and develop from generation to generation!
Zhou Enlai
Article by Chairman of the Central People's Government of China Mao Zedong "The Greatest Friendship". March 11, 1953
The greatest genius of our time, the great teacher of the world communist movement, the comrade-in-arms of the immortal Lenin, Comrade Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin, has gone forever from us.
Both the theoretical and practical activities of Comrade Stalin are an invaluable contribution to our modernity. Tov. Stalin represents a whole new era. Thanks to his activities, the Soviet people and the working people of all countries have changed the entire international situation. This means that the cause of justice, people's democracy and socialism has won on earth on an enormous scale, on the scale of one-third of the world's population, which is over 800 million people. The influence of this victory is spreading day by day to every corner of the world.
The death of Comrade Stalin caused incomparable great sorrow among the working people of the whole world, deeply touched the hearts of honest people all over the world. This shows that the cause of Comrade Stalin and his ideas have taken possession of the broad masses of the people throughout the world and have already become an invincible force. This force leads the already victorious peoples from victory to victory and at the same time will also lead to the fact that all those who are still groaning under the yoke of the old, capitalist world, mired in vices, will be able to launch a bold assault against the enemies of the people.
After Lenin's death, the Soviet people, under the leadership of Comrade Stalin, built a bright, radiant socialist society in the world's first socialist state, which they created together with the great Lenin during the October Revolution.
The victory of socialist construction in the Soviet Union is not only a victory for the Soviet people, but a common victory for the peoples of the whole world. Firstly, this victory by the very reality of life confirmed the absolute correctness of Marxism-Leninism, concretely taught the working people of the whole world how to move forward towards a happy life. Secondly, this victory provided humanity with the opportunity to smash the fascist beast in World War II. It is impossible to imagine that without the victory of socialist construction in the USSR it would have been possible to achieve victory in the war against fascism. The victory of socialist construction in the USSR and the victory in the anti-fascist war are directly related to the fate of mankind, and the glory of these victories rightfully belongs to the great Comrade Stalin.
Tov. Stalin comprehensively, classically developed the Marxist-Leninist theory, opened a new stage in the development of Marxism. Tov. Stalin creatively developed Lenin's theory of the uneven development of capitalism and the theory of the possibility of the victory of socialism in one country; Comrade Stalin made a creative contribution to the theory of the general crisis of the capitalist system, to the theory of the building of communism in the USSR, he discovered and substantiated the fundamental economic law of modern capitalism and the basic economic law of socialism, and contributed to the theory of revolution in the colonies and semi-colonies. Tov. Stalin also creatively developed Lenin's theory of party building. All this has further united the workers of the whole world and all the oppressed classes and peoples, thanks to which the struggle of the working class and all the oppressed peoples for their emancipation and happiness, and the successes of this struggle, have reached unprecedented proportions.
All the works of Comrade Stalin are an immortal contribution to Marxism. His works “On the Foundations of Leninism”, “A Brief History of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks”, as well as his last great work “The Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR” are an encyclopedia of Marxism-Leninism, a generalization of the experience of the world communist movement over the past hundred years. His speech at the 19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union is a precious testament for the Communists of all countries of the world.
We, the Chinese Communists, like the Communists of all countries of the world, find the path to our victories in the great works of Comrade Stalin.
After Lenin's death Comrade Stalin was always the central figure of the world communist movement. Rallying around him, we constantly received instructions from him, constantly drew ideological strength from his works. Tov. Stalin had warm feelings for the oppressed peoples of the East. "Do not forget the East" - such was the great call proclaimed by Comrade Stalin after the October Revolution.
It is common knowledge that Comrade Stalin had a deep love for the Chinese people and believed that the forces of the Chinese revolution were incredible. In matters of the Chinese revolution, he displayed the greatest wisdom. Following the teachings of Lenin and Stalin, relying on the support of the great Soviet state and all the revolutionary forces of all countries, the Chinese Communist Party and the Chinese people achieved a historic victory a few years ago. Today we have lost a great teacher and most sincere friend - Comrade Stalin. This is a big grief.
It is impossible to express in words the grief caused by this grief.
Our task is to turn sorrow into strength. Keeping sacred the memory of our great teacher Stalin, the Communist Party of China and the Chinese people, together with the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Soviet people, will endlessly strengthen the great friendship overshadowed by the name of Stalin. The Chinese Communists and the Chinese people will study Stalin's teachings with ever greater perseverance, study Soviet science and technology in order to build their own state.
The Communist Party of the Soviet Union is the party nurtured by Lenin and Stalin, the most advanced, most experienced and theoretically best equipped party in the world; this party was and is a model for us; she will also remain a model for us in the future. We deeply believe that the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Soviet government, headed by Comrade Malenkov, will certainly be able to continue the work of Comrade Stalin, move forward and brilliantly develop the great cause of communism.
There can be no doubt that the camp of peace, democracy and socialism led by the Soviet Union will become even more united and even more powerful.
For more than thirty years, the teachings of Comrade Stalin and the example of socialist construction in the Soviet Union have contributed to the movement of mankind forward with gigantic strides. At present, the Soviet Union has attained such power, the Chinese people's revolution has won such a great victory, the construction in the people's democracies is making such great progress, the movement of the peoples of the world against oppression and aggression has reached such proportions, and our Front of Friendship and Rally has been strengthened to such an extent that with It can be asserted with full justification that we are not afraid of any imperialist aggression. Any imperialist aggression will be crushed by us, all vile provocations will end in failure.
The great friendship between the peoples of China and the Soviet Union is indestructible because it is based on the great principles of internationalism of Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin. The friendship between the Chinese and Soviet peoples and the peoples of the People's Democracies, the friendship between all the peace-loving, democratic and just peoples of the whole world, is also based on these great principles of internationalism, and therefore it is also indestructible.
It is clear that the forces born of this friendship are limitless, inexhaustible and truly invincible. Let all imperialist aggressors and warmongers tremble in the face of our great friendship!
Long live the teachings of Marx - Engels - Lenin - Stalin! May the unfading name of the great Stalin live for centuries!
Letters of recall of the Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the USSR to the PRC A.S. Panyushkin. March 21, 1953
Presidium of the Supreme Council
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Comrade Mao Zedong
Chairman of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China
Comrade Chairman,
The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics decided to give another appointment to citizen Alexander Semyonovich Panyushkin, recalling him from the post of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics to the People's Republic of China.
Convinced that Citizen Alexander Semyonovich Panyushkin contributed to strengthening the friendly relations that so happily exist between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the People's Republic of China, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics asks you, Comrade Chairman, to accept with favor his letters of recall.
Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR
K.E. Voroshilov **
Bonded: Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR
V.M. Molotov ***
* Discharged from office March 10, 1953.
** K.E. Voroshilov was elected Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on March 15, 1953.
*** V.M. Molotov was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR on March 5, 1953.
Credentials of the Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the USSR to the PRC V.V. Kuznetsova. April 3, 1953
Presidium of the Supreme Council
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Comrade Mao Zedong
Chairman of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China
Comrade Chairman,
Desiring to invariably contribute to the further strengthening of the friendly relations that so happily exist between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the People's Republic of China, and expressing confidence that the strengthening of friendship between the USSR and the PRC is in the interests of peace and international security, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics has decided to appoint Comrade Vasily Vasilyevich Kuznetsov as his Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary.
Accrediting Comrade Vasily Vasilyevich Kuznetsov with this letter, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics asks you, Comrade Chairman, to receive him with favor and believe everything that he will have the honor to expound to you on behalf of the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR
K.E. Voroshilov
Bonded: Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR
V.M. Molotov
Recording of the conversation of the USSR Ambassador to the PRC V.V. Kuznetsov with Deputy Chairman of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China Zhu De. April 9, 1953
On April 9, he visited Vice Chairman of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China Zhu De.
Zhu De, referring to the internal situation of the PRC, said that the People's Republic of China has made great strides in the development of all areas of the national economy, which is primarily a consequence of the fact that the USSR is rendering us disinterested assistance. A serious drawback of the PRC is the lack of qualified personnel, the absence of such industries as aviation and tank.
Zhu De declared that China needs and will need help for a long time, and, above all, help from the Soviet Union.
Soviet Ambassador to China
V. Kuznetsov
Letter from the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics to the Commission of the Congress of Peoples in Defense of Peace. April 27, 1953
Ladies and gentlemen,
The Soviet Government received your telegram dated March 27 of this year, sent by Dr. Joseph Wirth, Pietro Nenni, Frederic Joliot-Curie, on behalf of the Commission, with an appeal from the Congress of Peoples in Defense of Peace, in which a proposal is put forward for the conclusion of a Peace Pact between the Soviet Union, the United States of America, the People's Republic of China, Great Britain and France.
The Government of the USSR, following its policy of strengthening peace and cooperation among peoples, is in solidarity with the appeal of the Congress of Peoples in Defense of Peace and with the proposal contained therein.
The Soviet Government is convinced that there is no disputed or unresolved issue that could not be resolved peacefully on the basis of an agreement between the countries concerned. In accordance with this, the Soviet government declares its constant readiness to cooperate with the governments of other states in achieving the lofty goals of strengthening world peace and international security.
On behalf of the government of the USSR, the Minister of Foreign Affairs
V.M. Molotov
* The Congress of Nations for Peace, convened on the initiative of the World Peace Council, took place on December 12-19, 1952 in Vienna.
The committees of the Congress developed recommendations on the elimination of existing international conflicts and the easing of international tension in general.
The Congress adopted an Appeal to the governments of the USA, the USSR, the People's Republic of China, Great Britain and France, which contained a proposal to conclude a Peace Pact between them.
Letter from the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China to the Commission of the Congress of Peoples for the Protection of Peace. April 28, 1953
Ladies and gentlemen!
The Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China acknowledges receipt of a communication dated March 30, 1953, sent by Dr. Josef Wirth, Mr. Pietro Nenni and Mr. Frédéric Joliot-Curie, on behalf of the Commission, with an appeal adopted at Vienna in December 1952 Congress of Nations for Peace, which proposes that the governments of the United States of America, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the People's Republic of China, Great Britain and France begin negotiations and conclude a Peace Pact.
In accordance with the policy of peace to which it has consistently adhered, and convinced that countries with different systems can coexist peacefully, the Government of the People's Republic of China believes that this proposal and the views expressed in the appeal of the Congress of Peoples for Peace are in full accordance with with the common demands of all people throughout the world who are striving for peace. I am therefore authorized to state on behalf of the Government of the People's Republic of China that it fully agrees with and strongly supports this proposal.
The Government of the People's Republic of China is convinced that, provided there is a truly sincere desire for peace, it is necessary and possible to resolve any dispute between countries through peaceful negotiations. In this regard, the Government of the People's Republic of China has already shown its sincere desire, and it adheres to the noble principle that international disputes should be resolved through mutual discussion and negotiation. Together with all the peace-loving peoples of the world, the people of China will continue to fight to the end against war, for the maintenance of peace and for the peaceful settlement of international disputes.
Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China
Zhou Enlai
From a telegram of the CPC Central Committee to Li Fuchun, Vice Chairman of the Financial and Economic Committee of the State Administrative Council of the People's Republic of China. April 30, 1953
Comrade Li Fuchun,
[...] We ask you to immediately convey to Comrade Mikoyan: “Comrade Mao Zedong, as well as the CPC Central Committee and the Chinese government, fully agree with the six documents proposed by the Soviet government*.
[...] In addition, we express our full satisfaction and gratitude to the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Soviet government for such an enormous all-round and long-term assistance provided to the Chinese people and the Chinese government. The Chinese Communist Party and the Chinese government will make every effort to fulfill the obligations contained in these documents. The authority to sign these documents has been given to Comrade Li Fuchun.” [...]
Central Committee
*This refers to the package of Soviet-Chinese documents signed on May 15, 1953. See doc. 50Notes of the State Planning Committee of the USSR on the Problem of the Tasks of the Five-Year Plan of the People's Republic of China. April 30, 1953
The State Planning Committee of the USSR has considered the note "The Economic Situation in China and the Tasks of the Five-Year Construction", as well as some additional materials handed over by the representatives of the People's Republic of China, and makes the following remarks on them.
Handed over to Chairman of the Central People's Government of the PRC Mao Zedong by the USSR Ambassador to the PRC V.V. Kuznetsov on May 7, 1953. Simultaneously, Mao Zedong received the Memorandum of the Soviet Government ( not published, see also doc. 52 ).
The main directions of development of the Chinese economy outlined in the note are correct. The tasks set in the note for the five years are based on the great achievements of the Chinese Communist Party and the Chinese government, meet the fundamental needs of the Chinese people and are consistent with the interests of strengthening the forces of the democratic camp.
The fulfillment of the main tasks of the PRC's five-year plan requires, first of all, the development of industry and the creation of China's own heavy industry.
By now, China's industry has surpassed the highest level that China reached before its liberation in most of the main types of products. The note on the PRC Five-Year Plan provides for high rates of further industrial development. However, the projected average annual growth rates of 20.4% for the entire industry of the People's Republic of China, and 24% for the state and mixed industry, in our opinion, are overestimated.
Further growth of industrial production in China will be associated with the construction and development of new and reconstruction of existing enterprises, and not with the restoration of industry, which will undoubtedly affect the slowdown in industrial production. The rate of industrial growth and the development of advanced technology will inevitably be held back by the shortage of skilled workers and engineers and technicians. In addition, many extractive industry enterprises planned for construction with the organization of production at them, already in this five-year period, are not provided with detailed geological reserves of raw materials. Therefore, the start of construction of individual enterprises should be postponed to a later date, which will cause a decrease in the volume of production in this five-year period,
Exaggerated rates of industrial growth may lead to the dissipation of material resources and qualified personnel and the failure to fulfill the most important tasks of the five-year plan. Proceeding from the foregoing, and bearing in mind the need for the unconditional fulfillment of the tasks of the first five-year plan, we consider it expedient to approach the determination of growth rates more carefully and recommend the average annual growth rates of gross output of all industry for 1953-1957. set in the amount of approximately 14-15% instead of 20.4%.
If, in the course of the fulfillment of the five-year plan, additional reserves are revealed for increasing industrial production, then they can be taken into account in the preparation of annual plans, which should provide not only for the fulfillment, but also for overfulfillment of the tasks of the five-year plan.
The most important task in the field of the extractive industry is to accelerate geological exploration, while the exploration work carried out in the planned five years should reveal raw materials not only for their use in 1953-1957, but also for the construction of enterprises in subsequent years.
The development of large-scale industry in the People's Republic of China must be combined with the development of handicraft industry, which can produce on a large scale products needed by the population. The development of handicraft industry in the People's Republic of China has favorable conditions, since China has the richest labor resources and experienced cadres of handicraftsmen, which should be taken into account in the five-year plan. The development of handicraft industry must be directed by the state, which, by providing it with raw materials and cooperating with handicraftsmen, can ensure its necessary development.
Questions of agriculture should be given special attention in the PRC's five-year plan. Providing the urban population with foodstuffs and industry with agricultural raw materials should be one of the most important tasks of the five-year plan, and, in particular, attention should be paid to increasing the production of industrial crops for growing industry.
In order to develop agricultural production and increase its marketability, measures should be outlined to organize the supply of agriculture with agricultural implements, implements and mineral fertilizers. It is necessary to ensure the expansion of trade relations between town and countryside, paying special attention to the wider involvement in the trade turnover of products produced by peasant farms, especially in areas where subsistence farming currently predominates and are not connected by means of communication with the industrial regions of the country. The most important condition for this is to ensure an uninterrupted flow of industrial consumer goods from the city to the countryside. The task of using the huge labor resources of the Chinese countryside to increase agricultural production and its marketability,
For the creation of heavy industry, the development of China's natural resources, the development of agriculture, the strengthening of the connection between individual regions, the increase in the country's defense capability, and also the strengthening of the connection between China and the USSR, the significant railway construction planned in the five-year plan is absolutely correct. It is also necessary to provide in the five-year plan for measures to increase the use of the existing network and rolling stock of railways, to develop water transport and to improve the use of the fleet.
It should be noted that the issues of public finance and monetary circulation were not adequately covered in the note. Meanwhile, the fulfillment of the tasks of the five-year plan, in particular the implementation of large-scale industrial construction while simultaneously raising the standard of living of the working people, requires the strengthening of state finances, as well as the strengthening of money circulation on the basis of the development of commodity circulation. For this purpose it is necessary in the five-year plan to draw up special measures in the field of finance and money circulation.
The note provides little coverage of the issues of the plan for the training of personnel necessary for the implementation of the first five-year plan. At the same time, as the experience of the Soviet Union shows, one of the most difficult tasks of the industrialization of the country is the training of qualified personnel on a mass scale, the creation of intelligentsia from the working strata of the population. It would be necessary to specially develop a plan for the training of qualified workers and engineering and technical workers.
When developing a five-year plan, it is necessary to make additional calculations that are not available in the submitted materials, in particular, calculations of production and consumption for the most important types of products (material balances), for the volume of capital investments in individual sectors of the national economy by years; determine the sources of financing of capital investments and provision of construction with material resources. It is also necessary to have calculations of increasing the yield and marketability of agriculture, trade turnover and the five-year financial plan.
For individual sectors of the national economy, we consider it necessary to make the following remarks:
For geological exploration. According to representatives of the PRC, explored reserves according to the classification adopted in the USSR in categories A, B and C 1 necessary for the design, construction of new and expansion of existing industrial enterprises, for a number of mineral deposits for ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, coal and chemical industries are absent.
Thus, of the four metallurgical combines planned for construction, the most reasonable is the construction of combines in Dai and Baotou. But even for these plants, before making a final decision on their construction, additional serious geological work is required to determine the explored reserves of iron ore.
The construction of enterprises on an unexplored mineral resource base can lead to unjustified costs and diversion of funds from the implementation of priority tasks. Therefore, at the present time, it would be necessary to speed up exploration work to identify reliable mineral reserves in the areas of planned construction, and only after that to decide on the timing of the construction of enterprises.
The assignments adopted for the five-year period for discovering explored reserves of coal and copper ores are acceptable. The planned increase in iron ore and oil reserves should be additionally checked, since they are not supported by the projected volume of exploration drilling.
The note does not single out a task for the exploration of coking coal, and also does not provide for a task for the exploration of manganese ores, which is extremely important for the development of ferrous metallurgy. There are also no assignments for the exploration of reserves of non-ferrous and rare metals (except for copper) and the main types of raw materials for the chemical industry.
In order to meet the needs of ferrous metallurgy enterprises, it is recommended to provide for a five-year growth target for coking coal and manganese ore reserves. It is also expedient to establish a five-year target for the increase in proven reserves of lead, zinc, molybdenum, tungsten, tin, antimony, mercury and aluminum raw materials, as well as targets for identifying the main types of mineral raw materials for the chemical industry and the building materials industry and non-metallic raw materials for the metallurgical industry. .
In order to make more rational use of the few geologists and equipment available in the PRC, exploration work to identify explored mineral reserves for the development of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, coal and oil industries, the chemical industry and the building materials industry should be concentrated in the areas of the planned construction of enterprises.
For a correct assessment of the state of the mineral resources of the PRC, it is recommended to re-evaluate all geological data on known mineral deposits and, first of all, in the areas of the planned construction of industrial enterprises, organize an accounting of minerals and introduce into the practice of geological exploration the classification of mineral reserves used in THE USSR.
For ferrous metallurgy. Of the 12 blast furnaces planned for commissioning over the five-year period, the most realistic are 9 blast furnaces, of which 6 blast furnaces at the Anypan Metallurgical Combine, 2 blast furnaces at the Benxi plant and 1 blast furnace at the Dadakou plant.
As regards 3 blast furnaces at two new plants, the question of the timing of the construction of these plants can be finally resolved only after the necessary reserves of iron ore have been explored in the areas where these plants are to be built.
The resulting reduction in the production of pig iron will not be reflected in the program for the production of steel, since the planned plan for the production of pig iron significantly exceeds the need for it.
Non-ferrous metallurgy. The available data on the geological reserves of raw materials make it possible to resolve the issue of the possibility of building and reconstructing the following non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises: the expansion of the tin plant in Gejiu, the expansion of the molybdenum mine in Yangjiadzhanzi, the reconstruction of the titanium-vanadium mine in Rehe province, the construction of the second stage of the Fushun aluminum plant, the construction of the solid alloys, expansion of an aluminum alloy processing plant in Harbin, refurbishment of a magnesium plant, and construction of a tungsten mine with a processing plant in Jiangxi Province.
We consider it possible to recommend the construction of other enterprises, mainly copper-lead-zinc, necessary to ensure the planned level of production of non-ferrous metals, only after an additional study of raw materials in the areas of planned construction and related studies of the size of enterprises and their location in conjunction with energy and water resources.
As regards the construction of two copper smelters at the Dongchauan and Baiyingchan deposits, their construction can only be started after the proven reserves of raw materials have been clarified.
The same applies to the construction of the Girinsk zinc plant.
For the coal industry. We consider it right that a significant increase in coal production is planned to be obtained through the development and improvement of the use of the capacities of the mines operating at the beginning of the planned five-year period.
At the beginning of 1953, 19 mines and coal mines with a capacity of 14.5 million tons of coal per year were under construction; In 1953, out of 6 mines planned for laying with a capacity of 4 million tons of coal per year, only 3 mines with a capacity of approximately 2 million tons were provided with project documentation, which could be put into operation by 1957.
Thus, we can count on the commissioning of new mines with a total capacity of approximately 16.5 million tons over a five-year period. With the accepted degree of development of the capacities of new mines, the increase in coal production from these mines will be about 9 million tons, instead of the planned 15 million tons .
In this regard, the planned plan for coal production in the amount of 93.8 million tons should be slightly reduced.
The plan provides for the construction of 107 new mines. Of the 44 large mines with a capacity of 53.7 million tons submitted for consideration, geological documentation is currently available only for 8 mines and one coal mine with a total capacity of approximately 20 million tons. For the remaining 63 mines with a capacity of 23.3 million tons, data on the state of the geological no documentation was provided.
Due to the current lack of geological documentation for the construction of new mines, in addition to those recommended above, we consider it appropriate to consider the issue of the number of these mines and the timing of their construction in annual plans, depending on the availability of geological materials and approved commercial coal reserves in mine fields.
In view of the foregoing, we consider it appropriate to recommend the following:
to pay special attention to exploration work, with a view to carrying out, as a matter of priority, detailed exploration of sections of mines to be designed and laid in the current five-year period, as well as to increase coking coal reserves;
clarify the location of the construction of new mines by regions, taking into account the need to reduce the transport of coal as much as possible;
clarify the timing of the commissioning of new mines in relation to the timing of the commissioning of industrial enterprises and railways.
For the oil industry. The planned development of oil-producing regions in the provinces of Gansu and Shaanxi, as the most studied, is correct. However, even in these areas, a thorough check of oil reserves in categories A + B is necessary, since they should serve as a basis for the further development of the oil industry.
From the planned target for increasing oil reserves to 1,100 million tons, reserves in category “C” should be excluded, since reserves of this category cannot serve as a basis for building enterprises for the extraction and processing of oil. Reserves in categories A+B, which, according to representatives of the PRC, should reach 620 million tons by the end of the five-year period, with the planned volume of exploratory drilling, in our opinion, are overestimated. Therefore, the task of increasing oil reserves must be brought into line with the planned volume of exploratory drilling.
Restoring the production of artificial liquid fuel from coal and shale at Fushun and other plants to 300,000 tons of liquid products per year is expedient.
The construction of an oil refinery in the city of Lanzhou in the current five-year period should be carried out on the basis of a capacity of 1 million tons of oil refining per year instead of 3 million tons.
In order to prepare oil production in the Liaodunmiao area to a size that ensures the loading of the oil refinery in Lanzhou by the time it is launched, it is advisable to drill a sufficient number of production wells in advance, timed to start them by the time the refinery starts operating.
Consideration should also be given to the possibility of increasing oil refining at existing refineries in comparison with the envisaged refining capacity.
For power stations. Taking into account the comments regarding the pace of development of industry and other sectors of the national economy of the People's Republic of China, the need for electricity will decrease somewhat. Therefore, the plan for the construction of power plants must be brought into line with the need for electricity.
We consider the envisaged priority expansion and reconstruction of the existing thermal power plants and the Fynman hydroelectric power station to be correct, since this ensures the most rapid increase in electrical capacities.
In the further development of the five-year plan, special attention should be paid to planning the development of individual regional energy systems in order to ensure full linkage of the commissioning of capacities at power plants with the development of existing and construction of new industrial enterprises.
It is also advisable to develop a plan for the construction of high-voltage electrical networks and substations.
The use of the energy resources of the Yellow River is of great economic importance for the PRC, but its implementation is a complex technical task, especially in connection with the large size of solid runoff and the danger of rapid silting of the reservoir.
In the USSR, the design of powerful hydroelectric power plants on large rivers is preceded by drawing up a scheme for the integrated use of the water and energy resources of these rivers, which makes it possible to correctly locate hydroelectric power plants and other hydraulic structures in accordance with geological, topographical and other conditions, to determine the appropriate degree of regulation of the flow and distribution of water resources between individual sectors of the economy, as well as to establish the order of construction of hydroelectric power plants. Simultaneously with the drawing up of such schemes, questions are being worked out on the development of industry, which will use the electric power of the hydroelectric power stations envisaged for construction. Such a scheme must also be drawn up for the Yellow River, using all the accumulated survey materials.
Therefore, the issue of the timing of the construction of priority hydroelectric power plants on this river should be resolved after the drawing up of the general scheme.
Similarly, the question of the construction of the Jieshui and Hongjin hydroelectric power stations should be resolved.
For the engineering industry. In the field of mechanical engineering, a particularly important task is to create capacities and master the production of steam turbines, generators, hydraulic turbines complete with generators, power transformers, cable products, electric motors, metal-cutting machines, metallurgical equipment, mining and chemical equipment, and automobiles.
Particular attention should be paid to the development in the PRC of related industries that ensure the completion of equipment with various semi-finished products, assemblies and finished products. First of all, it is necessary to develop the production of large forgings, as well as large steel and iron castings for machine building, the production of plastics, porcelain and ceramic products, electrical steels, insulating materials, ignition and carburation devices for automobiles, rubber products, lighting devices, measuring instruments, fasteners. products.
Along with the reconstruction of existing enterprises, it is necessary to build in 1953-1957. and put into operation new engineering plants, in the first place:
- a plant for the production of turbines in Harbin with a total capacity of 360 thousand kW per year with the possibility of increasing production in the future up to 600 thousand kW per year;
- plant of electrical equipment and mercury rectifiers in Xian for the production of high-voltage switches up to 26 thousand sets and mercury rectifiers with a capacity of up to 250 thousand kW per year;
- a plant of static capacitors in Xi'an with a capacity of 1 million kvar, instead of the planned 350 thousand kvar;
- heavy engineering plant in Fulaerdi with a capacity of 40 thousand tons of mechanical products per year;
- plant for the production of mining equipment with a capacity of 15-20 thousand tons per year to be put into operation in 1958;
- car manufacturing plant in Changchun (first stage);
- a plant for the production of ball and roller bearings in Xi'an for the production of 10 million bearings per year.
In addition, in order to speed up the organization of production and production of tractors, it is expedient, instead of the construction of a tractor plant with a capacity of 40 thousand tractors per year planned by the PRC with the start of tractor production in the next five years, to build a tractor plant for the production of 15 thousand tractors per year.
For the chemical industry. The presented materials do not contain data on the need for chemicals in individual sectors of the economy. Therefore, it is recommended to check the linkage of the production of the chemical industry with other industries, in particular with the military industry, consuming chemical products.
It is advisable to organize the production of ammonium sulphate at coke plants, since we consider it irrational to produce it at chemical plants using synthetic ammonia.
The planned increase in the level of production of chemical products through the construction of new plants is not confirmed by the data on proven reserves of raw materials for the chemical industry contained in the materials handed over by the representatives of the PRC. It would be advisable to recommend that the explored reserves of raw materials be preliminarily established, and then the issue of the construction site of chemical plants and, first of all, plants for the production of sulfuric acid and soda ash be decided.
We consider it right to build one plant with a capacity of 15-20 thousand tons of rubber per year using the off-gases of an oil refinery and the construction of two nitrogen-fertilizer plants.
In the building materials industry. To ensure the planned production of cement and create groundwork in the construction of cement plants, it is planned to reconstruct and improve the operation of existing plants, as well as the restoration of 5 destroyed cement plants with a capacity of 800 thousand tons and the construction of 5 new cement plants with a total capacity of 700 thousand tons. It is recommended to clarify the reserves of cement raw materials , determine the type of equipment (cement kilns) to be installed in new plants, and in accordance with the need for cement by region, clarify the capacity of new plants and their location.
On the growth rates of capital investments and on the construction industry. The scale of capital construction must be brought into line with the rate of growth of production, sources of financing, and the metal balance.
To ensure the implementation of the construction program, it is necessary to provide for the creation in areas of major construction of special sectoral and territorial construction organizations with permanent personnel of qualified construction workers and engineering and technical workers to perform general construction work (stone, concrete, reinforced concrete, etc.), as well as to perform special types of works (electrical installation, heating, ventilation, sewerage, hydraulic works, etc.).
It is desirable to provide for the expansion and creation of new design organizations both in the industrial ministries and in the Ministry of Construction, as well as the strengthening of these organizations with qualified personnel through the creation and expansion of educational institutions for the training of constructors.
On the issues of labor and personnel. In the note and in the supplementary materials reported by the PRC representatives, there are no projections and reasonable calculations of the need for specialists and skilled workers both in the national economy as a whole and in individual sectors, as well as calculations on the sources of meeting this need. A labor plan has also not been developed, without which it is impossible to set reasonable targets for the training of specialists and skilled workers.
Therefore, when drafting the first five-year plan of the PRC, it is recommended to develop a labor plan, which should provide targets for increasing labor productivity, the number of workers, engineers and technical workers and employees, for average wages and wage funds.
When drawing up a plan for the training of specialists, it is necessary to link this training with the need for specialists in individual branches of the national economy.
In the materials on the five-year plan, the graduation of engineers is planned in the amount of 132 thousand people, and technicians - 160-180 thousand people. The ratio in the training of engineers and technicians should be revised so that the number of technicians in relation to engineers in industry and construction will increase. It is necessary to increase, in comparison with the plan, enrollment in secondary technical educational institutions.
In view of the fact that the planned admission to universities exceeds the graduation of students from secondary schools, it is necessary to provide in the five-year plan for the deployment, especially in the first years of the five-year plan, of short-term courses to prepare for universities and networks of secondary educational institutions such as former workers' schools in the USSR, with their attachment to individual universities .
In developing assignments for the training of skilled workers for industry, construction and transport, it is advisable to use the available cadres of artisans and handicraftsmen by training them individually and in teams at enterprises, as well as by organizing short-term courses.
The experience of the USSR shows that the preparation of a five-year plan and, especially, the provision of the necessary proportions between branches and spheres of the national economy requires more careful substantiation and economic calculations. Considering also that many important questions that must be resolved in the first five-year plan have not yet been sufficiently developed, additional extensive work is needed on the draft five-year plan of the PRC.
*The document is an annex to the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR “On rendering assistance to China in the implementation of the five-year plan for the development of the People's Republic of China” dated April 30, 1953.
Agreement on rendering assistance by the Government of the USSR to the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China in the development of China's national economy. May 15, 1953
Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China,
Guided by the principles of the Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the People's Republic of China of February 14, 1950*,
and in connection with the consent of the Government of the USSR to satisfy the request of the Government of the People's Republic of China for assistance in the development of the national economy of China,
have decided to conclude the following Agreement:
Article 1
The Government of the USSR will render assistance to the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China in the construction and reconstruction of 91 ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises, coal, oil and chemical industries, power plants, machine-building enterprises, defense and other industries of China in accordance with Appendix 1 **, namely:
two metallurgical plants with a capacity of 1.2-1.5 million tons of steel per year each;
eight non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises producing 30 thousand tons of tin, 15 thousand tons of aluminum, 10 thousand tons of molybdenum concentrate, 30 thousand tons of tungsten concentrate and 130 thousand tons of vanadium and titanium concentrate per year;
eight coal mines and one coal plant with a total capacity of 19.9 million tons of coal per year and three coal preparation plants with a capacity of 4.5 million tons of coal per year;
an oil refinery with a processing capacity of 1 million tons of crude oil per year;
thirty-two machine-building plants, including: five heavy machine-building plants for the production of metallurgical, mining and oil equipment with a total capacity of 75 thousand tons and metal-cutting machines for 36 thousand tons, two autotractor-building plants for the production of 60 thousand trucks and 15 thousand tractors and one ball bearing plant producing 10 million bearings per year; sixteen power and electrical engineering plants, including the production of steam turbines and turbogenerators with a total annual capacity of 360,000 kW with a possible expansion to 600,000 kW, as well as mercury rectifiers, spark gaps, electrical and radio equipment, and other electrical products;
seven chemical plants, including: three chemical plants with an annual output of 180 thousand tons of nitrogen fertilizers and 15 thousand tons of synthetic rubber per year;
ten thermal power plants with a total capacity of 413 thousand kW;
two enterprises of the medical industry for the production of sulfa drugs, penicillin and streptomycin and one food industry enterprise.
The assistance envisaged by this Agreement will be rendered to the Chinese Government along with assistance rendered under earlier Soviet-Chinese agreements in the construction and reconstruction of 50 enterprises, namely:
nine enterprises of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, nine coal mines and one coal mine, thirteen machine-building plants, an automobile plant, four chemical plants, eleven power plants and two light industry enterprises.
Commissioning in the period 1953-1959 The 141 enterprises listed above, in the construction and reconstruction of which the Soviet Union will assist China both under the present and under earlier agreements on the supply of equipment for complete enterprises, will enable the Chinese Government to create new production capacities for the annual output of the main types of industrial products in the indicated period in the following sizes:
in the metallurgical industry - steel 5.2-5.8 million tons, aluminum 30 thousand tons, tin 30 thousand tons, ferroalloys 44.5 thousand tons, molybdenum and tungsten concentrates 40 thousand tons and vanadium and titanium concentrate 130 thousand . t;
in the fuel and energy industry - coal 32 million tons, oil 1 million in (processing) and electricity 7 billion kWh (1.5 million kW)',
in the engineering industry - metallurgical, mining and oil equipment 75 thousand tons, machine tools 46 thousand tons and ball bearings 10 million pieces;
in the field of power engineering - power equipment (steam turbines, steam boilers, turbogenerators and other equipment) for the annual construction and expansion of power plants with a total capacity of up to 600 thousand kW,
in the field of automotive and tractor construction - 90 thousand trucks and 15 thousand tractors;
in the chemical industry - nitrogen fertilizers up to 280 thousand tons, synthetic rubber 15 thousand tons, synthetic dyes and semi-finished products 50 thousand tons, calcium carbide 60 thousand tons and caustic soda 10 thousand tons.
Article 2
Assistance in the construction and reconstruction of the enterprises provided for in Appendix 1 will be provided by Soviet organizations carrying out design work, supplying equipment and rendering technical assistance in the construction process, as well as training national personnel for these enterprises and transferring licenses and technical documentation for organizing production at the indicated enterprises.
Article 3
Soviet organizations will design the enterprises envisaged in Appendix 1 according to the specialization established in the USSR, based on the latest achievements of science and technology. These enterprises will work in cooperation with the existing Chinese enterprises, where the Chinese Government organizes the production of a part of semi-finished products, products and materials of a component and auxiliary nature. The list of such semi-finished products, products and materials, their technical characteristics, as well as recommendations for setting up their production, the Soviet organizations will transfer to the Chinese organizations when approving the design assignments for the enterprises listed in Appendix 1.
The Soviet Side will render assistance to the Chinese Side in the creation of Chinese organizations for the design of industrial enterprises and in the performance by these organizations of 20-30% of the design work on technical projects and working drawings for the enterprises indicated in Appendix 1. For these purposes, and also to assist the Chinese side in training national personnel in industrial design and transferring advanced technical experience to China, the Soviet side sends up to 200 Soviet specialists to China.
Article 4
The Soviet Side will supply the enterprises listed in Annex 1 with equipment in the amount of 50-70% of the cost of the equipment provided for by the technical designs; the rest of the equipment will be manufactured by Chinese industry, for which, if necessary, Soviet organizations will send their specialists to China to give advice on organizing the production of this equipment, and will also transfer technical documentation to the Chinese organizations in the amount and within the time frame by additional agreement of the Parties.
Article 5
The cost of goods to be delivered from the USSR under this Agreement in 1954-1959. equipment and design work carried out by Soviet organizations during the specified period will amount to about 3-3.5 billion rubles, taking into account the provisions of Articles 3 and 4.
Article 6
The Chinese side will provide the Soviet organizations with the initial data necessary for the design of enterprises listed in Appendix 1. Soviet specialists will provide advice on the selection of sites for the construction of enterprises and provide technical assistance in drawing up design assignments.
Article 7
The construction of the enterprises listed in Annex 1 will be carried out by the forces and means of the Chinese side, and the Soviet side, in addition to carrying out the design work specified in Articles 3 and 4 and supplying equipment, will provide technical assistance to Chinese organizations in the construction of these enterprises by sending Soviet specialists to China, in quantities as agreed by the Parties, for the implementation of architectural supervision of construction and for giving advice on construction, as well as for installation supervision, adjustment and commissioning of enterprises.
Article 8
The Soviet Party will transfer to the Chinese Party free of charge licenses for the right to manufacture products intended for serial production at the enterprises listed in Appendix 1, and will also transfer, in the amount and within the time limits agreed by the Parties, product drawings and other technical documentation necessary for organizing the production of these products. , with payment of only the actual costs associated with the production and transfer of this technical documentation.
Article 9
The Soviet Side will render assistance to the Chinese Side in the training of national personnel for the enterprises provided for by this Agreement and for this purpose will accept Chinese workers and engineers and technicians to undergo production and technical practice at the corresponding enterprises in the USSR in specialties, in the number and for periods agreed by the Parties. This means that up to 1,000 Chinese workers and engineers and technicians will be trained annually in the USSR.
Article 10
The Soviet side agrees to assist the Chinese side in studying the available data on the reserves of non-ferrous metal ores, necessary for resolving issues related to the design of enterprises listed in Appendix 2***, and will also assist in the design of these enterprises.
Article 11
In order to assist in organizing the production of coke-chemical and crushing and grinding equipment, mine electric locomotives, electric furnaces, as well as metallurgical and other cranes at existing Chinese enterprises, the Soviet Side agrees to transfer to the Chinese Side technical documentation and give appropriate consultations, to the extent agreed by the Parties, on issues related to the production of these equipment and machines.
Article 12
In addition to carrying out the design work mentioned above, supplying equipment and providing other types of technical assistance to China, the Soviet Government agrees that Soviet organizations:
a) sent Soviet specialists to China to conduct an examination of the available materials and to assist the Chinese Government in drawing up plans for design and survey work to solve the problem of the integrated use of water and energy resources of the Huang He and Hanshui rivers;
b) sent four groups of Soviet specialists to China to assist the Chinese Government in drawing up long-term plans for electrification, development of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, machine-building industry and shipbuilding;
c) sent to China, in addition to the previously sent geologists, 50 geologists for a period of up to two years to assist in the organization of a geological service, in conducting geological exploration and in the industrial training of Chinese geologists;
d) gave appropriate consultations in the choice of types of trailed agricultural machines and handed over technical documentation for organizing the production of these machines at Chinese enterprises;
e) carried out an examination of the project for the construction of a bridge over the Yangtze River, carried out by Chinese organizations;
f) held in 1953-1954. aerial photographs of forests in Inner Mongolia, Northeast and Southwest China with a total area of about 20 million hectares using Soviet technical means.
The specialists mentioned in paragraphs "a", "b" and "c" are sent to China under the terms of the Soviet-Chinese Agreement of March 27, 1950 ****.
The Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China will pay for the supplied equipment and rendered technical assistance under this Agreement, as well as under earlier agreements providing for the supply of equipment of complete enterprises in terms of trade turnover, with deliveries to the USSR in the period 1954-1959. the following goods: tungsten concentrate, tin, molybdenum concentrate, antimony, natural rubber, sheep's wool, jute, rice, pork and tobacco in quantities according to Annex 3*****.
By agreement of the Parties, payment for equipment and technical assistance may be made partially in foreign freely convertible currency.
Article 14
Soviet and Chinese organizations will conclude contracts between themselves, which will establish the volume, prices, terms and other conditions for the implementation of design work, the supply of equipment, the dispatch of Soviet specialists to China and the provision of other services by the Soviet side, as well as the quantities, prices and other conditions for the supply of Chinese goods provided for by this Agreement.
Article 15
Licenses, technical documentation and information transferred to the People's Republic of China in connection with this Agreement will be used for the purposes of manufacturing the relevant products within the People's Republic of China and may not be transferred to other countries, as well as to foreign individuals and legal entities.
To this end, the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China shall ensure, in particular, that the said technical documentation and information be properly kept.
This Agreement shall enter into force on the day of its signing. Done in Moscow on May 15, 1953, in duplicate, each in the Russian and Chinese languages, both texts being equally authentic.
(Signatures)
* See Soviet-Chinese Relations... - pp. 107-109.
** Not published.
*** Not published.
**** See Soviet-Chinese Relations... - pp. 129-131.
***** Not published.
From the recording of the conversation of the USSR Ambassador to the PRC V.V. Kuznetsova with Premier of the State Administrative Council of the People's Republic of China, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China Zhou Enlai. May 19, 1953
Visited Zhou Enlai and in response to his request dated April 21 of this year * said that in connection with the adopted change in the share capital of JSC Sovkitsudstroy, the Soviet side instructed its representatives on the board of the company to declare that it considers it possible to reduce the cost of the water conduit and the accounts payable of the Daldok plant up to 10 million rubles.
Zhou Enlai thanked the Soviet government for agreeing to reduce the cost of the water conduit and the accounts payable of Daldok to 10 million rubles, and said that he would instruct the Chinese representatives on the company's board to introduce amendments to the agreement agreed with the Soviet side**.
Zhou Enlai reported that a message had been received from the representatives of the PRC in Moscow that on May 15 an Agreement on the Government of the USSR to Assist the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China in the Development of the National Economy of China*** and a Protocol to this Agreement* had been signed in Moscow. Expressing deep gratitude to the Soviet government for the all-round and selfless assistance rendered to China, Zhou Enlai said that the PRC government, in connection with the Aide-memoire of the Soviet government* and the USSR State Planning Committee's remarks on the tasks of the five-year plan of the PRC****, intends to send a special letter of thanks to the Soviet government ***** . [...]
Soviet Ambassador to China
V. Kuznetsov
* Not published.
** See doc. 58.
*** See doc. 50.
**** See doc. 49.
Letter from the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China to the Government of the USSR. May 20, 1953
Reply of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China to the Memorandum of the Soviet Government and the remarks of the State Planning Committee of the USSR on the Question of the Tasks of the Five-Year Plan of the PRC
The Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China carefully studied the Aide-memoire** of the Soviet government and the State Planning Committee's remarks on the question of the tasks of the five-year plan of the People's Republic of China, handed over by the Ambassador of the Soviet Union to the People's Republic of China, comrade Kuznetsov.
The Chinese government expresses full agreement with the opinions and provisions contained in the Memorandum of the Soviet government, as well as with all the fundamental and concrete proposals put forward in the Observations of the State Planning Committee of the USSR on the question of the tasks of the five-year plan of the People's Republic of China, reviewed by the Soviet government. All these opinions and proposals have been put forward on the basis of more than 30 years of rich experience of great socialist construction in the Soviet Union and the correct path traversed by the Soviet Union, which will enable us to avoid many mistakes and reduce mistakes in the process of economic construction in China. They are of exceptionally important guiding importance for the Chinese government in studying and drawing up the main provisions of the five-year plan and planned development of China's national economy.
All the provisions contained in the Memorandum of the Soviet Government are already concretely set forth in the Agreement on the Provision of Assistance by the Government of the USSR to the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China in the Development of the National Economy of China and the Protocol thereto, which were signed on May 15, 1953 in Moscow by authorized representatives of the governments of the Soviet Union. Union and China****. The Chinese government guarantees the exact fulfillment of all obligations stipulated in the above-mentioned Agreement and Protocol, as well as the conduct of all preparatory work on its part.
The assistance to be provided by the Soviet government in the construction and reconstruction of 91 new Chinese enterprises, and the assistance currently being provided in the construction and reconstruction of 50 enterprises, technical assistance in other areas of the development of the Chinese economy, as well as the dispatch of its specialists to China and the provision of loans to China, will allow the Chinese people, while diligently studying the advanced experience and the latest technical achievements in the Soviet Union, gradually create their own powerful heavy industry and defense industry. This will play an exceptionally important role in China's industrialization, China's gradual transition to socialism, and also in strengthening the forces of the democratic camp led by the Soviet Union.
The Chinese government expresses its heartfelt gratitude to the Soviet government and the Soviet people for this great, all-round and selfless assistance rendered for a long time, and will make every effort to develop economic cooperation and strengthen the friendly alliance between the USSR and China in the interests of joint struggle for the cause of peace. worldwide.
* The document was sent on May 20, 1953 with a personal note from Zhou Enlai to VV Kuznetsov for transmission to the Soviet government.
** Not published.
***Cm. doc. 49.
**** See doc. 50.
Report of Premier of the State Administrative Council of the People's Republic of China, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China Zhou Enlai to the CPC Central Committee. June 13, 1953
Chairman and comrades from the Central Committee
1. In connection with the question of the work of Soviet specialists, I invited for a talk on May 6 and June 8 Ambassador Kuznetsov, chief adviser (representative office of the government network) and trade representative of the USSR in the PRC. In a conversation on May 6, based on the generalized materials of checking the work of specialists in various industries, I paid special attention to the analysis of shortcomings in the work of our comrades with foreign specialists and suggested that they study the question of the procedure for sending specialists in the future. After the conversation, I handed over one copy of the above-mentioned materials to Ambassador Kuznetsov. During a conversation on June 8, Ambassador Kuznetsov orally informed about the position of the USSR regarding the future uniform procedure for issuing invitations for specialists. The report satisfied me. We plan to hold a conference this month with the participation of responsible comrades from various central departments, inviting specialists to discuss the issue of improving their work. It is supposed to hear their opinion, after which, based on the generalization of various points of view, to develop a draft decision on improving the work of specialists. After its approval by the Central Committee, it will be published.
2. In order to centralize the management of the work of specialists and conduct work on issuing invitations, distributing specialists, communicating with them and monitoring their activities, it is proposed to create a group under the State Council dealing with the work of specialists, consisting of nine comrades - Wu Xiuquan, Qi Yanming, Xiao Xiangrong, Yang Fangzhi , Wang Guangwei, Qian Junrui, Zhu Qiwen, Lai Zule, Ma Le. Team leader Wu Xiuquan*. The Specialists' Office and the Specialists' Services Department under the State Council will be returned to the direct control of the State Council as the working body of the Specialists' Affairs Group. Yang Fangzhi is expected to be in charge of the chancery and Lai Zule is to be in charge of the service department.
3. In 1953, after the summer holidays, it is proposed to invite an additional 147 people to work in the cultural and educational system, replace three people, and extend the invitation to 113 specialists. The real increase will be 116 people. The Legislation Committee of the State Council proposes to invite an additional 7 people. After the approval of this proposal, the Central Committee of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs will deal with this issue.
Zhou Enlai
* Wu Xiuquan - Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China.
Notice of the opening of an exhibition of China's industry and agriculture in Moscow. July 11, 1953
Today in Moscow, in the Gorky Central Park of Culture and Leisure, the Exhibition of Industry and Agriculture of the People's Republic of China opens.
Numerous exhibits of the exhibition, brought from China, are located in three pavilions, colorfully decorated in the national Chinese style.
The first pavilion houses light industry products and folk crafts.
On the stands are the products of large industrial textile enterprises: magnificent in patterns, color and silk production, colorful linen and cotton fabrics. Outerwear, shoes, costumes, headdresses, Chinese fans, umbrellas, tapestries, hand embroidery and carved ivory art products, known throughout the world for their beauty and grace, are of high quality. Among the exhibits are medical instruments, paper, dishes, porcelain, wood and straw products - mats, baskets, wicker women's shoes, ancient and modern musical instruments, leather products of the finest workmanship.
The technical progress of the industry is characterized by the radio receivers, film equipment, bicycles, sewing machines of the latest design with electric drive presented at the exhibition. An interesting typewriter, which has almost two thousand hieroglyphs.
The second pavilion showcases China's heavy industry and minerals. Here are models of coal mining, tuff and basalt, samples of the wealth of the earth's interior are demonstrated. Posters-diagrams tell about the construction of canals and irrigation systems. An interestingly executed electrified map of railway tracks, the network of which is steadily growing in people's China. The development of heavy industry, the production of diesel generators, machine tools, machines, and electrical equipment are widely shown. The work of some machines is demonstrated by the best craftsmen and craftswomen who arrived from China.
In the third, agricultural pavilion, samples of rice, tea, tobacco, kaoliang, various fruits, vegetables, food and canning products are exhibited.
Of great interest is the section devoted to the friendship of the Soviet and Chinese peoples. Here are various photographs, tables, diagrams reflecting the assistance of the working people of the Soviet Union to their Chinese friends in mastering new technology, in applying the methods of work of Soviet masters.
Pavilions were prepared in a short time; Soviet builders lovingly embodied in their architectural appearance the features of national Chinese architecture. 60 workers, engineers and artists arrived from China. Together with Soviet craftsmen, they beautifully decorated three spacious halls. A special charm is created by a lot of fresh flowers brought by planes from China and decorating all the pavilions.
Telegram exchange. July 28, 1953
Exchange of telegrams between Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR G.M. Malenkov*, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR V.M. Molotov and Chairman of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China Mao Zedong, Premier of the State Administrative Council of the People's Republic of China, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China Zhou Enlai.
To the Chairman of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China, Comrade Mao Zedong
Premier of the State Administrative Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China Comrade Zhou Enlai
The signing of the armistice and the end of the war in Korea are a great victory for the heroic Korean people and the valiant Chinese people's volunteers.
The peoples of the Soviet Union warmly greet and congratulate the great Chinese people on this major victory in the defense of peace in the Far East and throughout the world.
With the signing of the armistice and the end of hostilities, the peace-loving peoples face the task of consolidating these successes in the struggle for peace, freedom and independence of peoples.
Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR
G.M. Malenkov
Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR
V.M. Molotov
July 30, 1953
Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Comrade G.M. Malenkov
To the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR, Comrade V.M. Molotov
Allow me to express my heartfelt gratitude to all the peoples of the Soviet Union and to you for your congratulations on the occasion of the signing of the Armistice Agreement in Korea.
The implementation of the armistice in Korea is a great victory for the camp of peace and democracy led by the Soviet Union.
The tireless efforts made by the Soviet government and the Soviet people to resolve the Korean question by peaceful means played an enormous role in ending the war in Korea.
The Chinese people will always be united with the great Soviet people, the heroic Korean people and all the peace-loving peoples of the whole world in order to continuously fight for the cause of strengthening and protecting peace in the Far East and throughout the world.
Chairman of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China Mao Zedong
Premier of the State Administrative Council, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China
Zhou Enlai
* G.M. Malenkov was appointed Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR on March 5, 1953.
Notice of the closing of the exhibition of industry and agriculture of the People's Republic of China in Moscow. August 5, 1953
For twenty-five days, the Exhibition of Industry and Agriculture of the People's Republic of China was opened in the Central Park of Culture and Leisure named after M. Gorky. The three pavilions displayed more than 4,000 exhibits showing the great achievements made by the Chinese people under the leadership of the Communist Party in economic and cultural construction.
Halls displaying samples of industrial equipment - turning, planing and milling machines, transformers, motors, precision instruments, tools and much more, aroused great interest, which testifies to the skill of Chinese workers, engineers and designers.
Thousands of Soviet people got acquainted at the exhibition with models of construction sites, quarries, with samples of coal, ores and other exhibits that give an idea of China's inexhaustible natural resources, showing the diverse measures that are being carried out in the country for the construction of railways and irrigation, to increase steel and iron smelting , coal mining, non-ferrous metals.
The pavilion, where Chinese weavers and carpet weavers showed their wonderful skills, enjoyed constant attention. Their products aroused sincere admiration for the elegance of the pattern, the nobility of colors. Visitors spoke with great praise about the amazing work of the masters of applied art.
Workers from the Krasny Proletarian plant, the transformer plant, the Stalin Automobile Plant, Mosbass miners, Trekhgorka weavers, steelworkers, railway workers, well-known production innovators, engineers, and scientists visited the halls of industry.
Collective farmers of the Moscow region, representatives of the collective farms of Ukraine, Belarus and other republics visited an open area where samples of agricultural machines produced in China were shown, as well as the richest pavilion of agriculture.
Each exhibit of this remarkable exhibition, and especially the section dedicated to Sino-Soviet friendship, is evidence of the growing economic and cultural ties between the USSR and China.
The Exhibition of Industry and Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, which closed yesterday, August 4, was a vivid demonstration of the indestructible brotherhood of the great peoples of the USSR and China. It was visited by about six hundred thousand workers. It took more than fifty books to give everyone an opportunity to express their opinion about the exhibition.
In these responses, the working people of the Soviet Union expressed their wish to the Chinese people not to stop there, and expressed their confidence in the strength and inviolability of the friendship between the Soviet and Chinese peoples. From the bottom of their hearts, the Soviet people wished the Chinese brothers further success.
* See doc. 54.
Minutes of negotiations between representatives of the Ministry of Railways of the USSR and the Ministry of Railways of the People's Republic of China on the establishment of a direct railway passenger direct connection between Moscow and Beijing. August 6, 1953
As a result of negotiations between representatives of the Ministry of Railways of the USSR and the Ministry of Railways of the People's Republic of China on the establishment of a direct passenger direct connection between Moscow and Beijing *, the Parties agreed on the following:
1. Establish a direct railway passenger direct connection between Moscow and Beijing from January 1, 1954.
2. Serve the specified message with separate trains from the wagons of the railways of the USSR.
Each train is formed from the following wagons:
1 baggage car, 3 soft cars, 2 rigid compartment cars, 1 dining car.
Establish that the dining car of the USSR railways runs with the Moscow-Beijing train on the Moscow-Otpor section; and the dining car of the People's Republic of China Railways runs on the Manchuria-Beijing section.
3. Carry out the rearrangement of cars to bogies and wheelsets of a different gauge at the Otpor station of the USSR railways. Bogies of 1435 mm gauge are provided by the railways of the USSR. Payment of expenses for rearrangement of wagons shall be made in accordance with § 1 of Section I of the Rules for the Mutual Use of Wagons in Direct International Traffic (PPV).
4. Establish the running of the Moscow-Beijing courier train according to the attached schedule twice a week with departure:
a) from Moscow - on Wednesdays and Sundays;
b) from Beijing - on Sundays and Thursdays.
5. Determine the train crew of the USSR railways, following with the Moscow-Beijing train throughout the entire route, consisting of: one train leader, ten car conductors (2 conductors for each car), two electricians and one radio mechanic.
The baggage car is accompanied by baggage distributors of the railways of the country of destination.
6. Carry out the transfer of luggage and wagons at the Otpor station.
7. To consider it agreed that the railways of the People's Republic of China, by November 20, 1953, will hand over 25 sets of automatic couplers of Chinese design to the USSR railways at the Otpor station free of charge. The tail of the automatic coupler of USSR wagons must be made according to the drawing of the Ministry of Railways of the USSR.
8. In November-December 1953, conduct experimental trips on the Manchuria-Beijing section with a train consisting of 3 USSR cars.
9. Carry out the passage of passengers and transportation of luggage and goods-luggage following from the station of departure to the station of destination, located within the railways of the People's Republic of China, on the basis of travel and transportation documents of the SMPS form.
Consider it agreed that the railways of the People's Republic of China no later than November 15 of this year. they will inform the railways of the USSR of the cost of reserved seats when traveling between stations of railways of the PRC, which are not included in the tariff for the SMPS.
In order to control the travel documents of passengers entitled to free travel on the railways of the People's Republic of China, the Chinese side will hand over to the Ministry of Railways of the USSR samples of free tickets with translation into Russian, in the amount of 50 sets.
10. Regulate all issues related to the maintenance of the Moscow-Beijing direct message and not provided for by this Protocol, on the basis of the following documents:
a) Agreements on international railway passenger traffic (SMPS);
b) Rules for the mutual use of wagons in direct international traffic (PPV);
c) Settlement Rules for SMPS and SMGS**;
d) the Soviet-Chinese border agreement.
This Protocol was drawn up and signed in Moscow on August 6, 1953 in two copies in Russian and Chinese. Each Party shall receive one copy of both texts. Both texts are equally valid.
(Signatures)
Schedule
Moscow-Beijing train traffic
Time
Time
Stations
Time
Time
Moscow
Beijing
Moscow
Beijing
At
being
Oprah
phenomenon
At
being
send
phenomenon
At
being
send
phenomenon
At
being
send
phenomenon
Wednesday
sunday
seigneur
Tuesday
Saturday
-
17.55
-
22.55
Moscow
12.00
-
17.00
-
Wednesday
sunday
seigneur
Tuesday
Saturday
12.45
16.35
17.45
21.35
rebuff
12.40
16.25
17.40
21.25
Wednesday
sunday
seigneur
Tuesday
Saturday
17.00
19.00
22.00
24.00
Manchuria
10.15
12.15
15.15
17.15
Friday
resurrection
Tuesday
seigneur
Thursday
13.40
-
18.40
-
Beijing
-
15.00
-
20.00
* Negotiations were held on July 16-23, 1953 in Moscow.
** SMGS is an agreement on international rail freight traffic.
Exchange of notes between the Chinese Foreign Ministry and the USSR Embassy in China. August 27, 1953
Note of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China to the Embassy of the USSR in the People's Republic of China
Comrade Ambassador,
I have the honor to announce the following. Based on Art. 4 of the Sino-Soviet Agreement on the Establishment of the Sino-Soviet Ship Repair and Shipbuilding Joint Stock Company "Sovkitsudostroy" in the city of Dalniy, the PRC government approved the Protocol on the final assessment of the cost of all fixed and working assets of the Daldok plant. This Protocol was agreed on May 3, 1952 by the Sino-Soviet Evaluation Commission, established on a parity basis, and on July 19, 1952, at a meeting of the first meeting of shareholders.
In accordance with the above Protocol, the total value of the fixed and working capital of the specified plant is expressed in the amount of 46,664,110 rubles.
Each half of the cost of the plant, namely in the amount of 23,332,055 rubles, is a share of the share capital, respectively, of each of the Parties.
At the same time, due to a change in the settlement rate of the monetary unit of the Dalninskosh region and since the final cost of the Daldok plant decreased by almost 2/3 compared to the cost determined as of November 1, 1950, both Parties agreed on May 19, 1953 on , in order to reduce accordingly the accounts payable of the Daldok plant to the Soviet Union, formed before the transfer of this plant to the People's Republic of China, and the debt to the Soviet government for the Ryoto-Tamanura water pipeline transferred to the People's Republic of China from 30 million rubles. up to 10 million rubles*
In accordance with Art. 4 of the Agreement on the Establishment of JSC Sovkitsudostroy, which provides for the final assessment of the cost of the Daldok plant, and in accordance with Art. 5 of the said Agreement, which provides for the amount owed by the Chinese side to the Soviet side, we consider it necessary to consider the amounts listed in the note as the amounts on which a final agreement has been reached.
If the Soviet side agrees with this, please confirm this in a reply note.
Accept, Comrade Ambassador, the assurances of my highest consideration.
Zhou Enlai
September 3, 1953
Note of the USSR Embassy in China to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China
Comrade Minister,
In response to your note letter “Busu” No. /53/ 2119 dated August 27, 1953, I have the honor to announce the following:
Based on Art. 4 of the Soviet-Chinese agreement on the establishment of the Soviet-Chinese ship repair and shipbuilding joint-stock company "Sovkitsudostroy" in the city of Dalny dated July 28, 1951, the Government of the USSR approved the Protocol on the final assessment of the cost of all fixed and working assets of the Daldok plant, agreed on May 3 1952 by the Soviet-Chinese evaluation commission, created on an equal footing, and considered on July 19, 1952 at the first meeting of shareholders of the Sovkitsudostroy company.
In accordance with this Protocol, the total cost of fixed and working assets of the Daldok plant was determined in the amount of 46,664,110 rubles.
As provided for in Art. 5 of the above Agreement, the cost of the plant "Daldok" after the final assessment of its fixed and working capital will be the share capital of the company "Sovkitsudostroy".
Each half of the cost of the Daldok plant, expressed in the amount of 23,332,055 rubles, will be a share of the share capital, respectively, of each of the parties.
On the basis of a mutual agreement dated May 19, 1953, the Government of the USSR confirms its consent to reduce the amount due to the Government of the USSR for the Rioto-Tamanura water pipeline transferred to the People's Republic of China, and for the accounts payable of the Daldok plant to the Soviet Union as of the date of transfer of this plant with 30 million rubles. up to 10 million rubles
In accordance with Art. 4 and 5 of the Agreement of July 28, 1951. The Government of the USSR considers the amounts mentioned in this letter as the amounts on which a final agreement has been reached between both parties.
I ask you, Comrade Minister, to accept the assurances of my highest consideration.
V. Kuznetsov
Speech by Vice Chairman of the Financial and Economic Committee of the State Administrative Council of the People's Republic of China Li Fuchun at the 26th meeting of the Central People's Government Council of the People's Republic of China. September 15, 1953
On negotiations with the Soviet government regarding assistance from the USSR in the economic construction of China *
Comrade Chairman, members of the Central People's Government Council, comrades!
In August last year, a Chinese government delegation headed by Premier Zhou Enlai held talks in Moscow on assistance from the Soviet Union in China's economic development. After an agreement in principle was reached, State Council Premier Zhou Enlai, Vice Premier Chen Yun, and others left for the PRC. I stayed in Moscow with several assistants and continued negotiations with the Soviet side regarding the elaboration of specific details of assistance in the economic construction of our country. Within eight months, all projects were studied in great detail and positive results were achieved. On instructions from Chairman Mao Zedong, I report to the Council on the results of negotiations with the Soviet government on the question of China's economic construction and on the work that we have to do.
1. On the tasks and ways of fulfilling the first five-year plan for the economic construction of the PRC
Since the founding of New China, under the clear leadership of Chairman Mao Zedong, the Communist Party and the Central People's Government, we have been able to unify the country in an unprecedented way and unite all nationalities, successfully assist the DPRK in the fight against the United States, complete land reform, carry out a series of democratic reforms, strengthen the people's -democratic government. Thanks to the selfless efforts of the working class and working people, and the sincere and disinterested assistance of the Soviet Union, in three years we were able to restore the work of the national economy, achieve fundamental changes in the financial and economic sphere, and achieve an improvement in the life of the population. Thus, the foundation was laid for the implementation of the first five-year plan for economic construction. As directed by Chairman Mao Zedong, The main task of construction in China is to concentrate efforts during the first five years on the development of heavy industry, create a basis for the industrialization of the country and strengthen national defense. To this end, it is necessary to develop agriculture and light industry, provide constant assistance to cooperatives in agriculture and handicraft production, encourage private industrial and commercial enterprises and individual agricultural producers and artisans, and gradually raise the material and cultural standard of living of the population. This means the following: light industry, provide constant assistance to cooperatives in agriculture and handicraft production, encourage private industrial and commercial enterprises and individual agricultural producers and artisans, and gradually raise the material and cultural standard of living of the population. This means the following: light industry, provide constant assistance to cooperatives in agriculture and handicraft production, encourage private industrial and commercial enterprises and individual agricultural producers and artisans, and gradually raise the material and cultural standard of living of the population. This means the following:
First, to develop heavy industry as the centerpiece of the first five-year plan for state building. Despite the fact that this will require huge funds, time and sophisticated technology, we should by no means abandon this course. Only through the creation of a domestic heavy industry, namely the development of such industries as metallurgy, fuel energy, electric power, engineering, chemical, defense industries, it is possible to ensure the strengthening of national security and the country's defense capability, create a powerful economy, ensure economic independence, provide ample opportunities for development light industry, create a material and technical base for transformations in the field of agriculture, to ensure continuous economic growth and improvement of the living conditions of the population. This is precisely the material foundation for China's gradual transition to socialism.
The concentration of efforts on the development of heavy industry does not at all mean that we can neglect the development of light industry, state production associations in the localities and handicraft production. Just the opposite. Since China is a backward economy with a large population, in order to meet the ever-increasing industrial and household needs of urban and rural residents, it is extremely important to pay due attention to the development of domestic light industry, state-owned local industrial associations and handicrafts.
In the light industry, the textile, food and pharmaceutical industries, as well as large paper enterprises, are mainly under direct state control. State control is necessary not only to supply industrial goods to the market, but also to accumulate the necessary resources for state building.
In developing local state-owned manufacturing enterprises, it is necessary to fully take into account the fragmentation and imbalance of our economy. Local sources of raw materials, production possibilities and distribution channels should be used, medium and small enterprises should be created locally, which will work for state industry, national construction and at the same time satisfy the production and household needs of the population.
Handicraft production, in demand by the population now, will be an important component of the national economy for a long time to come. Therefore, the activity of those handicraft industries, the demand for the products of which cannot yet be satisfied by modern industry, should be encouraged. Their products meet the needs of the broad masses of the people, especially those employed in agriculture. These enterprises need constant assistance so that they can develop, cooperate and improve the quality of products.
In the matter of capital industrial construction and production, it is necessary to ensure faster growth rates of means of production than means of consumption, while the former must correspond to the rate of expansion of reproduction, and the latter - to the rate of increase in the purchasing power of the population.
Secondly, in the process of developing the national economy, it is necessary to ensure the continuous growth of the share of the socialist sector. This is a fundamental way for the development of China's economy. Only by achieving a continuous increase in the share of the socialist sector will it be possible to ensure the steady strengthening and development of the people's democratic system and ultimately achieve victory in building socialism.
First of all, it is necessary to devote all efforts to the development of state industry and trade, strengthening the leading positions of the state sector in the entire national economy. Of course, this does not mean that we can neglect the positive potential of capitalist ways of doing business. It is necessary to use the creative potential of that part of commercial and industrial capital that can be useful for the country's economy and the well-being of the people. This is especially true for private manufacturing enterprises. Subject to the availability of raw materials and channels for the sale of products, their production capacities should be fully used for the benefit of the country and the people and, in accordance with the situation, using various forms of state capitalism, gradually transfer them to a planned track.
Thirdly, the further strengthening of the union of workers and peasants should become the starting point for ensuring the implementation of the economic construction of the country, the implementation of industrialization plans. Today, the priority task is to develop the industry and agriculture of the PRC, to expand commodity circulation on the basis of this process in order to strengthen economic ties between town and countryside. Therefore, in carrying out the first five-year plan, serious attention should be paid to the development of agriculture and, in particular, to increasing the production of grain crops. By developing agriculture and increasing the production of grain crops, it is possible to gradually raise the standard of living of the peasantry, accumulate the resources necessary for industrialization, and expand the market for industrial products, thereby stimulating it. Only by developing agriculture and increasing the production of grain crops is it possible to fully ensure a sufficient supply of raw materials for industry and expand the sources of marketable grain to satisfy the needs of the city and foreign trade. In order to ensure the continuous development of agricultural production, in the current conditions it is necessary, on the one hand, to use the potential of mutual assistance and cooperation between peasants and, on the other hand, to pay attention to the activity of individual farms, directing them to the path of mutual assistance and cooperation. to meet the needs of the city and foreign trade. In order to ensure the continuous development of agricultural production, in the current conditions it is necessary, on the one hand, to use the potential of mutual assistance and cooperation between peasants and, on the other hand, to pay attention to the activity of individual farms, directing them to the path of mutual assistance and cooperation. to meet the needs of the city and foreign trade. In order to ensure the continuous development of agricultural production, in the current conditions it is necessary, on the one hand, to use the potential of mutual assistance and cooperation between peasants and, on the other hand, to pay attention to the activity of individual farms, directing them to the path of mutual assistance and cooperation.
In order to further strengthen the alliance between workers and peasants, our industry must assume the task of providing the peasantry with the necessary means of production and consumer goods. State trading enterprises and supply cooperatives should pursue a competent pricing policy. Given the reduction in the costs of manufacturing industrial products and their prime cost, prices for a part of industrial goods should be reduced, deliveries should be made on time. Our financial and credit organizations must pursue a correct tax and credit policy, maintain a reasonable balance between the needs of agricultural development and the collection of agricultural tax, and also take a responsible approach to taking into account the production difficulties of some peasant farms in order to
Fourthly, it is necessary to use the potential of existing and start creating new industrial bases, gradually correct the shortcomings of their irrational geographical distribution. Now Chinese industrial enterprises and railways are concentrated in the northeast of the country and in the coastal strip, which is inappropriate from the point of view of both defense and economy. To change the current situation, it is extremely important to create new industrial bases. Therefore, during the implementation of the first five-year plan, it is necessary to establish industrial bases in North, Central-South and Northwest China, connect the Southwest, Northwest of the country and the Great Plain of China region with a railway network, and carry out intensive exploration of minerals, thereby preparing conditions for building in the long term. To create new industrial bases, the following conditions are prerequisite: 1) reliable exploration of resources, 2) creation of a transport system, 3) supply of fuel and electric power resources, 4) interfacing of various industries and preparation of a technological base. In turn, building on the basis of existing industrial bases does not require a long time and significant capital investments, is highly efficient, and also raises the level of existing and creates new technologies. Therefore, the creation of a production base in the northeast of the country around the Anshan Iron and Steel Works and the use of an industrial base in the eastern part of China, especially Shanghai, is of extremely important practical importance. 1) reliable exploration of resources, 2) creation of a transport system, 3) supply of fuel and electric power resources, 4) interfacing of various industries and preparation of a technological base. In turn, building on the basis of existing industrial bases does not require a long time and significant capital investments, is highly efficient, and also raises the level of existing and creates new technologies. Therefore, the creation of a production base in the northeast of the country around the Anshan Iron and Steel Works and the use of an industrial base in the eastern part of China, especially Shanghai, is of extremely important practical importance. 1) reliable exploration of resources, 2) creation of a transport system, 3) supply of fuel and electric power resources, 4) interfacing of various industries and preparation of a technological base. In turn, building on the basis of existing industrial bases does not require a long time and significant capital investments, is highly efficient, and also raises the level of existing and creates new technologies. Therefore, the creation of a production base in the northeast of the country around the Anshan Iron and Steel Works and the use of an industrial base in the eastern part of China, especially Shanghai, is of extremely important practical importance. 4) interface of various industries and preparation of the technological base. In turn, building on the basis of existing industrial bases does not require a long time and significant capital investments, is highly efficient, and also raises the level of existing and creates new technologies. Therefore, the creation of a production base in the northeast of the country around the Anshan Iron and Steel Works and the use of an industrial base in the eastern part of China, especially Shanghai, is of extremely important practical importance. 4) interface of various industries and preparation of the technological base. In turn, building on the basis of existing industrial bases does not require a long time and significant capital investments, is highly efficient, and also raises the level of existing and creates new technologies. Therefore, the creation of a production base in the northeast of the country around the Anshan Iron and Steel Works and the use of an industrial base in the eastern part of China, especially Shanghai, is of extremely important practical importance.
To carry out the above course, it is necessary to fully utilize the production capabilities of existing enterprises. In view of the fact that the level of industrial production in China is growing, in the next 2-3 years, the capabilities of existing enterprises should be mainly used. It will take three to five years to tap into the productive capacity of new businesses. Therefore, cooperation with new enterprises, active restructuring and modernization of old ones, improvement of production management, and full use of the production capabilities of existing enterprises are extremely important for the domestic economy. In accordance with the instructions of Chairman Mao Zedong, throughout the entire period of economic construction, it is necessary to consistently pursue a policy of saving and increasing production, resist the conservative approach to production. This must be paid attention throughout the construction period.
Fifth, raising the material and cultural standard of living of the working people through the development of production is the goal of China's economic construction. Therefore, in the course of drawing up a plan, it is necessary, in accordance with the possibilities, to make specific decisions in this area. After all, only under the condition of raising the material and cultural standard of living of the working people is it possible to involve the masses more widely in the cause of state building, as well as to reveal their potential and creativity for the struggle for a better future.
By setting indicators of labor productivity and planning the level of wages, it is necessary to ensure the outstripping growth of labor productivity in comparison with the growth of wages, which will guarantee the accumulation of financial resources by the state and contribute to the further development of industry.
Sixth, in order to carry out the five-year plan for economic construction, it is necessary to have certain reserves. Otherwise, it will be difficult to respond to changes in the situation and unforeseen circumstances that are always possible in our economic life.
Therefore, in order to guarantee the implementation of the plan and to avoid possible serious harm to the state, it is necessary to have reserve financial and material resources.
Another reason for having such reserves is the need to provide conditions (especially for resources and technical equipment) for the implementation of the second five-year plan for the country's economic development. The intensification of exploration work and the quality training of technical personnel are extremely important not only for the fulfillment of the first five-year plan, but to a greater extent for the cause of state building in the long term.
After analyzing the above issues, the Soviet government, in a spirit of camaraderie, concluded that the fundamental goals and objectives of the first five-year plan set by us are correct and meet not only the fundamental interests of the Chinese people, but will also contribute to the strengthening of the democratic camp.
2. Results of negotiations with the Soviet government
Last year, the Central Financial and Economic Committee, in accordance with the above goals and objectives, developed a project for the construction of heavy industry facilities within the framework of the first five-year plan. After consideration by Premier Zhou Enlai, this project was presented by our delegation to the Soviet government, which, having done thorough and painstaking work on its study, agreed to satisfy our request by providing economic assistance to China of the following nature:
1. Between 1953 and 1959, assist the PRC in the construction and modernization of 91 enterprises, namely:
1.1 two metallurgical plants in the years. Dae and Baotou (including factories for mining, enrichment, steel and iron smelting, steel rolling, etc.). Both plants will produce approximately 1.2 million tons of products per year;
1.2 eight non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises, including an aluminum plant, an aluminum alloy plant, a tin plant in Gejiu (Yunnan Province), magnesium, copper and tungsten plants;
1.3 nine coal deposits, three coal processing plants, including the Fushun coal plant; the total coal production at these enterprises will be about 20 million tons per year;
1.4 one refinery;
1.5 thirty-two engineering enterprises, including five heavy engineering plants, one automobile plant (second plant), one tractor plant, one ball-bearing plant, as well as several enterprises of the military-industrial complex;
1.6 sixteen enterprises of power and electric power engineering, including factories for the production of steam turbines and turbogenerators, mercury rectifiers, lightning rods, insulating materials, high-voltage magnetrons, automatic telephone exchanges, capacitors, radio equipment of high complexity, etc.;
1.7 seven chemical plants, including 2 plants for the production of nitrogenous fertilizers, 1 plant for the production of synthetic rubber (using exhaust gas from refineries **), as well as several enterprises of the defense complex;
1.8 ten thermal power plants (including power plants located in Dai, Baotou, Lanzhou, Taiyuan, Xi'an, Wuhan and other cities) with a capacity of 400,000 kW.
1.9 two pharmaceutical plants for the production of sulfanilamide, penicillin and streptomycin and 1 starch plant.
2. If, in addition to the above 91 facilities, we add Soviet assistance in the construction and modernization of 50 factories in the three-year period until April 1953, then the total number of such enterprises will be 141. The list of objects built or modernized with the support of the Soviet Union until April 1953 includes the following enterprises:
2.1 nine ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises, including the Anypan and Benxi metallurgical plants (mainly the restoration and modernization of two blast furnaces and coke ovens), a special steel plant, an aluminum plant and, first of all, an aluminum alloy plant, as well as plants for the production of copper mesh, ferroalloys, electrodes and magnesium;
2.2 nine vertical mines, 1 quarry (Fuxin city);
2.3 thirteen machine-building plants, including enterprises for the production of boilers and boilers, machine tools, measuring and cutting tools, pneumatic tools, electrical cables, electrical measuring instruments;
2.4 Automobile Plant (Currently under construction Changchun Automobile Plant);
2.5 four chemical plants, including 1 nitrogen fertilizer plant, 2 dye plants, 1 calcium carbide plant;
2.6 eleven power plants (Fengman HPP, Fushun TPP, Fuxin TPP, Girin TPP and others with a capacity of over 1 million kWh);
2.7 two paper mills - in Jiamusi and Yakeshi (the decision on the latter will be made based on the results of the analysis of the forest fund).
3. Over a seven-year period (from 1953 to 1959), as a result of the construction of the aforementioned 141 facilities, China's industrial potential will increase significantly and more than 2 times the existing indicators in such industries as ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, coal, electric power, chemical and oil industries , mechanical engineering and power engineering. Thanks to this, China's own automobile and tractor industries will be created, and the range of products manufactured by the machine-building and defense industries will be significantly expanded. By 1959, the output of such major heavy industries as steel, coal, electric power and oil will be approximately equal to the level achieved by the USSR during the implementation of the first five-year plan, and will also approach or exceed the level of industrial production at the time of Japan's aggression against China in 1937 (more than 5 million tons of steel, up to 100 million tons of coal, more than 20 billion kWh of electricity and about 2.5 million tons of oil will be produced). All these indicators are key to assessing the level of industrial development of the country. Therefore, we can say that as a result of the commissioning of the above facilities, a solid foundation will be laid for the industrialization of the country, and China will already become a country with its own independent industry.
4. Assistance from the Soviet government in the construction and modernization of 141 enterprises will cover the entire construction cycle: from the selection of sites, the collection of initial data, the approval of technical specifications for the project, the implementation of design work (the volume of design work carried out by the USSR will be 70-80%, China 20- 30%) before the supply of equipment (50-70% of the total amount of the necessary equipment will be supplied by the USSR, the rest by the PRC), management of construction work and the launch of production, including the free transfer of project documentation necessary for the production of new types of products.
In order to enable us to maintain the functioning of these new and modernized old enterprises, the Soviet Union will render considerable support to China in the training of technical specialists. The Soviet side will annually accept a thousand trainees from China (workers and engineers of various specializations) who will undergo production and technological practice at Soviet enterprises.
The USSR will also send 5 groups of specialists to the PRC. The 1st group is the Huanghe-Hanynuy integrated planning group, which will plan the integrated use of the water resources of the Huanghe and Hanshui rivers, conduct an expert assessment of the available materials, and help the Chinese government develop a survey plan. The 2nd group - electrification - will assist us in the development of a long-term plan for the electrification of the country. The 3rd group (for ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy) will take part in the development of a long-term plan for the development of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. The 4th and 5th groups will be engaged in the preparation of sectoral development plans in the fields of mechanical engineering and shipbuilding, respectively. Also, an aerial photogrammetry team will be sent to China, which will conduct aerial photography of the forests of Inner Mongolia,
The USSR will send a group of 200 engineers (consultants) to the KIR, create design departments at industrial enterprises, train Chinese engineering specialists, share advanced engineering and technical experience with China, and carry out design work for industrial enterprises being created.
In addition, the Soviet side decided to send 50 geologists (consultants) to China to assist us in organizing geological work, carry out exploration and train Chinese specialists in their professional field.
5. The assistance that the USSR has already given us and will continue to give us demonstrates the great spirit of internationalism of the socialist countries. One of the representatives of the Soviet side at the talks said that there were no precedents in history when, during one round of negotiations, a decision was agreed to build 91 enterprises requiring long-term seven-year planning. In order to design these industries, the Soviet Union would need to bring in a significant number of additional engineering personnel to its engineering design bureaus, and in order to make the necessary supplies of equipment, it would need to plan the production schedule of key plants until 1960. When our delegation arrived in the USSR last year, the fifth five-year plan in the USSR had already been drawn up and accepted for execution. However, in order to to help China create its own, independent industry, the Soviet government had to make a number of adjustments to it. If not for the great spirit of internationalism, then this could hardly be imagined.
It must be clarified that initially we turned to the Soviet Union for help in designing more than 91 enterprises, but work on some of the facilities was cancelled. Canceled projects can be divided into three types. The first includes those facilities that we are able to build on our own, for example, textile and cotton-printing factories and small power plants. The second type includes enterprises that cannot yet be designed due to the lack of accurate information about geological resources. Mostly coal mines. And, finally, the third type includes those enterprises in which there is no need or there are no opportunities for their creation during the first five-year plan, for example, a heavy engineering plant with an annual output of 100 thousand tons. In a word, in all cases where there is need and conditions and we cannot do it alone, the Soviet government fully satisfies our needs. Moreover, a number of enterprises that need to be created, but which we did not even think about, were added to the list of planned enterprises by the Soviet side. Thus, on the initiative of the Soviet Union and with our consent, a plant for electrical insulating materials and a plant for the production of high-voltage magnetrons will be designed.
Many of the facilities designed for us by the Soviet Union are huge, technically complex enterprises, such as a metallurgical plant. It will take three years for the initial and technical design of the plant, more than two years for the production of the working drawing, and more than three years for the construction and installation of equipment. Teams of designers at 91 sites approved by the Soviet Union and five integrated teams will arrive in China during the current year and the first half of next year.
The above facts fully confirm the statement of Chairman Mao Zedong: "The help given to us by the Soviet Union is long-term, comprehensive and disinterested help"*.
The above facts also confirm the words of Comrade Stalin: “... During the period after the war, these countries (meaning China and the European people's democratic countries that are part of the socialist camp led by the Soviet Union) have joined together economically and established economic cooperation and mutual assistance . The experience of this cooperation shows that not a single capitalist country could render such real and technically qualified assistance to the people's democratic countries as the Soviet Union renders to them. The point is not only that this assistance is the cheapest and technically first-class. The point is, first of all, that this cooperation is based on a sincere desire to help each other and to achieve a common economic recovery. As a result, we have high rates of industrial development in these countries”***.
Obviously, without the help of the Soviet Union, the first five-year plan for economic construction could not have been carried out on such a scale and with the speed with which it is being carried out at the present time.
3. Our current tasks
The all-round assistance of the Soviet government in the economic construction of our country is enormous, but construction in China is, after all, the business of China itself, and to achieve this goal we must do everything possible. What are our current tasks? Here are some opinions.
Firstly. It is necessary, taking as a basis 141 enterprises in the construction or modernization of which the Soviet Union is helping us, to work out a general program for the first five-year construction plan, taking into account all spheres of the national economy and in accordance with the principle of its proportional development.
The plan of the national economy is the course of the state, the embodiment of its policy and, at the same time, the concentrated expression of all spheres of the national economy. It should correspond to the maximum extent to the principle of proportional development of the national economy in the current conditions. The Soviet government not only provided enormous international support to our country in economic construction, but also shared useful experience. Based on the actual state of affairs in the country, I believe that in the process of drawing up a five-year construction plan, attention should be paid to the following aspects:
1. The first five-year construction plan in China, the main component of which is the development of heavy industry, must be implemented in accordance with the instructions of Chairman Mao Zedong. In the construction process, tasks should be divided into main and secondary, focusing on the most essential. The most important thing in the construction of our country is industry, and in industrial construction, emphasis should be placed on heavy industry, which, in turn, also has priority tasks. Of course, this does not mean at all that other areas of the economy can be neglected, as already mentioned here. In every industry, there should be basic construction tasks. If you try to embrace all spheres and disperse your strength, then you can miss the main thing. Consequently, it is necessary from beginning to end to concentrate on those areas of the economy that are of key importance in the matter of state building. State-building is like war: if you disperse your forces, scatter soldiers in all positions, or attack in all directions at once, grab one or the other, as a result, the army will be bound hand and foot and will be defeated. That is why, at the stage of capital construction, we have already criticized the approach in which activities are deployed in all directions, forces are dispersed, and there is no distinction between secondary and primary, non-urgent and urgent. to scatter soldiers in all positions or to attack in all directions at once, to grab one or the other, as a result, the army will be bound hand and foot and will be defeated. That is why, at the stage of capital construction, we have already criticized the approach in which activities are deployed in all directions, forces are dispersed, and there is no distinction between secondary and primary, non-urgent and urgent. to scatter soldiers in all positions or to attack in all directions at once, to grab one or the other, as a result, the army will be bound hand and foot and will be defeated. That is why, at the stage of capital construction, we have already criticized the approach in which activities are deployed in all directions, forces are dispersed, and there is no distinction between secondary and primary, non-urgent and urgent.
2. Chairman Mao Zedong urges us to always base on the facts and move forward gradually. We must act in the same way in the matter of economic construction. Our human, material and financial resources are limited, we also lack the knowledge and experience of construction, so the movement must be smooth, it is impossible to achieve instant success. The rate of development should not be too high, and it is not low already. Chairman Mao Zedong often said in the past that "one should avoid fighting without preparation, without confidence in its successful outcome"*****. It is for this reason that we once criticized blind, adventurous subjectivism. The Soviet comrades, helping us to develop construction projects, must also consider all the initial data and make accurate calculations. It is especially important to accurately assess geological resources, equipment performance, construction and installation costs, determine the source of personnel. The purpose of these studies is to lay a solid foundation for the construction plan. In a word, it is necessary to implement the principle of gradual development, otherwise we will inevitably make mistakes in the construction process, which may lead to unnecessary losses or affect the implementation of the state plan.
3. The national economy is a complex, organic complex in which the development of all sectors is interconnected and interdependent. At the same time, leading and related industries can be distinguished. Therefore, proportionally developing the national economy, gaps should not be allowed. To determine the proportions, it is first necessary to investigate the needs in all areas and establish the possibilities of production. Without knowledge of needs and possibilities, it is impossible to link them together, and, consequently, it is impossible to determine proportions and establish proportional relationships. On the example of the Soviet experience, it becomes obvious that statistics is the basis of planning, rationing is the basis on which the calculation of planned indicators is carried out, and the balance method is the main method of planned work. Based on this,
The issue of balance is extremely complex, and the following should be noted here. In the course of the five-year construction of industry, attention must be paid to the problem of the interconnection between new and old enterprises, large and small, in other words, the interconnection between existing plants and plants under construction. It would be a mistake to focus only on new, large industries and neglect the old and small ones. Because, firstly, modern industry is highly based on cooperation and division of labor, and it is impossible to organize the production of all parts and components in one plant. Therefore, in order to increase the efficiency of a new production, it is necessary to ensure its interaction with a number of other plants. Secondly, all old productions have a certain basis, and it is always easier to rebuild an old plant than to build a new one. The reconstruction of the enterprise is easier to control, and, moreover, the rebuilt plant at lower costs gives faster results. Thirdly, it is important to build large factories, but large enterprises must be supported by small ones. In addition, until recently, the support of modern industry from handicraft production in China remained very significant, especially in the production of agricultural implements and implements.
When drawing up the five-year plan, many questions also arose concerning both fundamental and specific working moments, but I will not talk about them in detail here.
Secondly. It is necessary to intensify work on capital construction. Here I would like to dwell on four aspects - geological exploration, design work, construction and management of capital construction.
1. It is important to continue active exploration work. For the construction of enterprises in the metallurgical, coal, oil industries, enterprises for the production of building materials, it is necessary to make sure that there is a sufficient amount of resources and minerals. It is possible to determine the amount of resources hidden underground only through complex geological exploration. Since the founding of the Ministry of Geology last year, work in this direction has increased significantly. However, in order to meet the needs of state building and, in particular, the needs of the first five-year plan and continue to work for the long term, it is necessary to continue to develop geological exploration. The Soviet side became convinced that we had shortcomings in this area and sent an additional fifty geologists to China. It must be admitted that in the past the basis for conducting geological exploration in China was extremely weak, and now it is possible to move forward in this area only by diligently adopting the ideas, methods, and technologies of Soviet geology. At the same time, it is necessary to pay attention to engineering and geological work in the construction of mines and factories.
2. Designing is a complex work related to the political, economic and technical spheres. Proper planning must be rational both from a political and economic point of view, and from a technical point of view. One mistake or one miscalculation in any area can lead to the fact that the construction of a mine or a factory will turn out to be irrational or even cause irreparable damage to industrial construction. Proper design must be based on accurate input data. However, the collection of baseline data is also a very complex volume of work, the successful implementation of which requires large human, material and financial resources. For example, the Anshan Iron and Steel Works to collect the initial data necessary for the design, from June 1950 to the end of 1952, in total, he spent more than 60,000 workdays of his employees, of which more than 15,000 workdays are for technical specialists. More than 147 Soviet specialists arrived at the enterprise with the same purpose for the entire period. In two and a half years, the Anshan Iron and Steel Works mapped 24 plants, produced 10,500 drawings, and collected 300 volumes of materials. Mapped 61 km2 at 1:500 scale, 223 km 2 at 1:1000 scale, 99 km 2 at 1:5000 scale. In the course of engineering and geological work, a total of 970 wells were drilled with a total depth of 7,600 m. 750 km 2 were surveyed for the presence of ore deposits , 110 wells were drilled with a total depth of 16,600 m. During 1952, an average of 500 people per day. carried out work on the collection of initial data for technical design. Obviously, a large number of qualified technical specialists are needed to successfully carry out the work of collecting initial data.
Over the past year, design organizations were created in the Ministry of Transport and the Ministry of Industry. However, it will take a lot of effort and time to truly combine the design work of different ministries and teach specialists to create accurate projects.
3. In the process of construction, it is necessary to rely on the possibilities of construction and installation works, which must be compatible with the volume of capital construction work. Since the establishment of the Ministry of Construction Works last year, and the establishment of several structures responsible for construction work within the Ministries of Transport and Industry, the possibilities for construction have increased significantly. The main drawback of construction and installation work in China at the present stage is that the possibilities for building factory workshops for heavy industry enterprises are still small, and the technical level remains low. In view of this, it is important to generalize the experience of construction work at the Anynan Metallurgical Plant and the Fengman Hydroelectric Power Plant and rely on the human resources involved in the construction of these facilities.
4. It is necessary to improve the efficiency of capital construction management. First of all, it is necessary to carry out more active work on capital construction planning, geological exploration, as well as to strengthen control over the management of construction and installation works and at the construction site. Sufficiently experienced and skillful leaders are required to perform the above tasks. Therefore, it is necessary to continue in the future to send capable managers to work in capital construction enterprises.
Thirdly. The Soviet Union spent a huge amount of effort helping us design 141 facilities and sent a large team of specialists to China to help build them. Therefore, we must complete all preparations for the construction work. This is an extremely difficult task. Attention should be paid to the following points.
1. It is necessary to determine the design task and the location of the plant. This is far from simple: one cannot arbitrarily decide what products will be produced and where the plant will be located. This can only be determined by general analysis, coordination of enterprises and institutions (different departments, new and old, large and small enterprises), assessment of prospects, as well as economic, geographical and technical conditions. To carry out this work, it is necessary to establish the scale of production, determine development prospects, types of products and their quantity, sources of raw materials and starting materials, etc. Past experience shows that often after the final decision by the Chinese side, this information was significantly corrected, which delayed the process of preliminary design and technical design, as a result, the assistance of the Soviet Union in the design was wasted, and the construction time of the enterprise was delayed. From now on, we must strengthen research work and make informed decisions that would not have to be changed later.
2. It is important to provide accurate design information (including geological materials). If the information is incorrect, the project will have to be redone (the mistakes made can lead to losses). The most complex data is information on engineering geology, hydrogeology and meteorology. In the process of restructuring large operating enterprises, it is necessary to carry out a lot of work on compiling maps of the area and many tests. In order to guarantee the accuracy of the data provided, it is necessary, with the assistance of Soviet specialists, to create authoritative expert control bodies in each institution responsible for capital construction. In the case of the construction of several new enterprises in one place, it is necessary to entrust the collection of general design data to a single body.
3. Verification and approval of the project. The initial project, drawn up at the Soviet Design Institute, after a thorough check, comes to us for approval. Having received the initial draft from the Soviet side, one should not spend too much time on verification and approval, otherwise this will affect the construction time. Experience shows that we often delay the review and approval process. In view of this, we must check the initial project quickly, which will positively affect the success of the entire enterprise.
Approximately 20-30% of the design work on new objects developed by the Soviet Union is to be carried out by us, and all relevant departments must prepare in advance for this.
4. The Chinese side will produce 30-50% of the equipment for enterprises designed by the Soviet Union. The volume of this work, which is very important for increasing the potential of China's engineering industry, is extremely large. In order to create the basis for China's industrialization, the departments responsible for machine building (this includes not only the Ministry of Machinery but also the Ministries of Railways, Transportation, Textile Industry, and Agriculture, which also manage machine-building enterprises) must constantly remember how responsible the task entrusted to them, and throw all their strength into its implementation. It is necessary to know exactly what we can produce at the moment (for this it is necessary to draw up a catalog of goods), what we cannot (it is necessary to find out what the difficulties are), and, if we can produce certain products, will the growth rate of production satisfy the needs of construction? To successfully accomplish this challenging task, we have to overcome many obstacles.
5. Based on the nature and scale of the 141 new and rebuilt facilities, it is necessary to urgently assign capable managers to the positions of plant directors, chief engineers and other posts, and organize the appropriate work of the organizational and training departments. Successful accomplishment of above-mentioned four tasks in many respects depends on it.
6. For the design of industrial areas and cities (Dae, Baotou, Lanzhou, Xi'an, etc.), a comprehensive study and analysis should be carried out in conjunction with new enterprises. The site for the construction of certain new factories of great importance must be determined on the basis of a single plan for the entire industrial region.
Fourth. Learn from the Soviet Union to educate cadres.
Economic construction is a long-term and continuous process. We will need numerous high-level technical specialists not only at the present time. In the future, more talented workers will be needed who, with the latest technology, can faithfully serve the people. To educate talents, one must learn from the Soviet Union; technicians should also learn from the Soviet Union, because today there is only one country in the world that can combine technology, politics and economics so well - this is the USSR. This does not mean that one should not learn from other countries and peoples. On the contrary, Chairman Mao Zedong urged us to learn from all specialists, and so we will do, but Chairman Mao Zedong urged us to learn mainly from the Soviet Union.
I would like to highlight a few points that are important in the process of education and training of personnel.
1. It is important to study the history of the party, political economy, and the experience of building a socialist society in the Soviet Union. In order to avoid fundamental mistakes in their work, high-ranking cadres must necessarily be intensively engaged in theoretical training.
2. Learn from Soviet specialists. In all organizations accepting specialists from the USSR, management should create advanced groups of personnel who, in accordance with the established plan, could systematically adopt the experience of Soviet specialists in order to eventually reach their level and master the relevant skills.
3. Design documentation, construction and installation work, as well as the launch of production carried out at 141 enterprises that the Soviet Union helped us build and modernize, are an invaluable encyclopedia of industrial construction, visual teaching aids for industrial universities and research institutes. Therefore, all relevant institutions need to start training according to the plan and division by industry, which will play an important role in educating China's industrial construction specialists.
4. Need to train trainees. In order to ensure the timely start of work and production at built and rebuilt facilities, trainees should be properly trained. With a shortage of specialists, a new enterprise will not be able to function. The Soviet government promised to give China the opportunity to send more than a thousand trainees to the Soviet Union every year, who in the future should ensure the successful functioning of 141 enterprises. Thus, it is necessary for every industrial establishment to use all its forces and in an organized manner begin to solve this urgent task.
5. It is important to systematically and purposefully educate the leading cadres of industrial construction. It is necessary not only to intensify work in universities, higher educational institutions and technical schools, but also to systematically disseminate the experience of advanced enterprises and new technologies. Vocational schools affiliated with enterprises should acquaint students with the latest achievements of industry, strengthen management, open up new working specialties in accordance with the needs of state construction, and increase the number of graduates. Boys and girls who have not received the opportunity for further education in secondary school are the main source of replenishment of the student body of vocational schools. The experience of the Soviet Union shows that the main thing in the work of vocational schools is the teaching of technology, while theoretical training performs an auxiliary function. It is important to clearly distinguish between specialties: one student should master one specialty, there should not be many subjects and disciplines. The senior master should not change from the moment the student enters the school until graduation. In the process of learning technology, it is necessary to initially achieve quality and only then increase the speed of production. I think we should adopt the experience described above. In addition, it is also important that each relevant ministry and the Ministry of Labor systematically conduct short-term orientation courses on new technologies. In the process of learning technology, it is necessary to initially achieve quality and only then increase the speed of production. I think we should adopt the experience described above. In addition, it is also important that each relevant ministry and the Ministry of Labor systematically conduct short-term orientation courses on new technologies. In the process of learning technology, it is necessary to initially achieve quality and only then increase the speed of production. I think we should adopt the experience described above. In addition, it is also important that each relevant ministry and the Ministry of Labor systematically conduct short-term orientation courses on new technologies.
Dear members of the Council, dear comrades, this year will be the first year of the first five-year construction plan in China. The people and every leader face an extremely difficult and at the same time honorable task. We must mobilize representatives of all classes, all nationalities, serving in all positions, everyone must take part in this great cause, everyone must show their best in their workplace and help the state complete economic construction, fulfill and exceed the plan and as soon as possible accomplish the task of industrializing the country.
The industrialization of the country is by no means an easy task. Chairman Mao Zedong, foreseeing all future difficulties, once told us that the victory of the revolution is “only the first step in the great campaign of ten thousand li. We still have to destroy the remnants of the enemy forces. We face a serious task of economic construction. Soon we will have to put aside some of what we know well and deal with what is unfamiliar to us. Therein lies the difficulty.”****** The upcoming important work should be carried out in accordance with the general program of the five-year construction plan, which was drawn up as a result of our negotiations with the Soviet government. On this path, many difficulties await us. However, our difficulties are difficulties that are inevitably encountered in the process of development, they are difficulties that can be overcome. We are led by the great Chairman Mao Zedong and the Communist Party of China, our people are brave and industrious, the great Soviet Union is giving us sincere help, we are supported by all progressive mankind. If we strictly follow the leadership and policy of the Chinese Communist Party and Chairman Mao Zedong, rely on the masses and take into account the wisdom of the masses, if we persevere in studying the experience of the Soviet Union, and systematically and seriously examine the successes and shortcomings in our work, if we If we apply scientific methods, work honestly, diligently, perseveringly, then the success of China's economic construction will be assured.
* See also doc. 60.
** Refinery.
*** Quoted. by: True. - 1953. - 17 Sept.
**** This refers to a congratulatory telegram on the occasion of the eighth anniversary of the victory over the Japanese militarists. (See: Izvestia. - 1953. - September 3) ***** Strategic course for the second year of the liberation war. (See: Mao Zedong. Selected works. T. IV. Beijing, 1964. P. 174.)
****** About the democratic dictatorship of the people. (See: Mao Zedong. Selected Works. T. IV. Beijing, 1964, p. 516).
Telegram from Chairman of the Central People's Government of China Mao Zedong to Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR G.M. Malenkov. September 15, 1953
At a meeting of the Central People's Government Council of the People's Republic of China, held on September 15, 1953, the report of Comrade Li Fuchun, a member of the government delegation of the People's Republic of China, on negotiations with the Soviet government on the question of the Soviet government's assistance in the economic construction of our country* was heard with satisfaction. . The Central People's Government Council unanimously believes that, thanks to the agreement of the government of the great Soviet Union, to systematically provide economic and technical assistance to China in the construction and reconstruction of 91 new enterprises and 50 enterprises currently under construction and reconstruction, the Chinese people, by vigorously studying the advanced experience and latest technical achievements of the Soviet Union, will be able to gradually build their powerful heavy industry.
During the ongoing negotiations, both states resolved the issue of building 91 enterprises and resolved the issue of long-term assistance. History has not yet known such precedents. The truth expressed by the great Stalin was fully embodied in this: “The experience of this cooperation shows that not a single capitalist country could provide such real and technically qualified assistance to the people's democratic countries as the Soviet Union provides them. The point is not only that this assistance is the cheapest and technically first-class. First of all, this cooperation is based on a sincere desire to help each other and achieve a common economic upswing.”
In the course of the talks, the Soviet government, drawing on its rich experience of more than 30 years of great socialist construction, introduced a number of principled and concrete advice on the tasks of our country's five-year plan. These tips will help us avoid many mistakes and many winding paths in China's economic construction.
On behalf of the Chinese government and the Chinese people, I express my heartfelt gratitude to the Soviet government and the Soviet people for this great, all-round, long-term and selfless assistance. The Chinese Government and the Chinese people will make unremitting efforts to strengthen economic cooperation and friendly alliance between the Soviet Union and China in the interests of the common struggle for world peace.
Chairman of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China
Mao Zedong
* See doc. 59.
Speech by First Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR, Permanent Representative of the USSR to the UN A.Ya. Vyshinsky at the first plenary meeting of the VIII session of the UN General Assembly. September 15, 1953
This session of the General Assembly begins its work under exceptional conditions. Only a month and a half separates us from that historic day when an armistice agreement was signed in Panmenchon, when a bloody war was stopped, which lasted more than three years, took huge casualties, caused the greatest disasters and suffering to millions of people.
The signing of the armistice agreement was greeted with the greatest joy by the peoples of the whole world, who rightly saw this important historical event as a victory for the peace-loving forces. Millions of people look to the future with the hope that the United Nations will find the strength to return to the path predetermined by its Charter in order to fulfill its duty to mankind to ensure the peace and security of peoples.
The present session of the General Assembly faces big and serious questions. The significance of these issues further emphasizes the responsibility of the General Assembly, whose decisions must have the full force of international authority.
There can be no doubt that the most important condition for this is the obligatory respect for all the universally recognized principles of international law, which the General Assembly must be guided by, as it goes without saying, and which is the most important prerequisite for the successful operation of the United Nations. There can be no question of the successful operation of the United Nations and all its organs in the absence of this important condition, when the Charter of the United Nations and the rules of procedure of the General Assembly based on the Charter are violated.
Meanwhile, this is precisely the situation that has arisen in our Organization, in the United Nations, when people who have no political, legal or moral right to represent this country find themselves in its composition, and when, on the contrary, representatives appointed by the legitimate government of that country are removed from the membership of the United Nations, removed by all kinds of artificial methods, devoid of any political, legal and moral basis.
Such a completely abnormal and intolerable situation has arisen in relation to the great People's Republic of China, which still does not have its representatives in the United Nations, who are the only legitimate representatives of the Chinese people.
The delegation of the Soviet Union considers it necessary to immediately consider in the General Assembly and resolve positively the question of inviting representatives of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China to take their rightful place in the General Assembly and its organs.
As early as 1949, the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China, in its address to the General Assembly, quite rightly pointed out that the Chinese people's liberation war had led to a decisive national victory and that the Central People's Government of the [People's] Republic of China was the only legitimate government representing China. people.
In 1950, the Government of the People's Republic of China officially notified the United Nations of the appointment of a delegation from the People's Republic of China to attend the fifth session of the General Assembly.
This just demand of the Government of the People's Republic of China was supported by a number of delegations, who insisted on a positive solution to this issue and noted that, as the facts of international life showed, China's absence from the United Nations is not only a violation of the legitimate rights of the Chinese people, but also a violation of important principles upon which the United Nations is built, and under which alone the operation of this organization can be successful.
The facts convincingly show that the absence of China in the UN is a serious obstacle to the rapid and successful resolution of the most important issues of maintaining peace and international security.
We cannot put up with the completely abnormal situation where the Chinese people still do not have their legal representatives in the United Nations. There is also no justification for the fact that China, a permanent member of the Security Council, cannot take part in the work of this body.
This situation undermines the authority of the United Nations, depriving it of its ability to contribute properly to strengthening international security and peace in the world.
The discussion of the Korean question at the seventh session of the General Assembly, as Mr. Chairman spoke about here, showed the futility and futility of trying to resolve this issue by ignoring China. Eloquent proof of the fact that it is impossible to solve the most important issues of maintaining peace and international security without the participation of the People's Republic of China is the fact that the General Assembly, having adopted a resolution on the Korean question in December last year, without the participation of the People's Republic of China, was forced to in order to resolve this issue, officially seek contacts with the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China and enter into correspondence with the government of the People's Republic of China, which, as a matter of course, could not but delay the solution of this issue instead of
The same thing happened when the General Assembly considered in August this year the issue of a political conference on Korea. It is known that in this case, too, the General Assembly took a decision on the question of a political conference without the participation of the People's Republic of China.
It goes without saying that a decision taken by the General Assembly without the participation of the People's Republic of China, without the participation of representatives of its government, could not have practical significance.
This was confirmed by further facts related to the question of the composition of the political conference for the peaceful settlement of the Korean question.
It is an eloquent acknowledgment of this that the General Assembly, once again, had to seek contacts with the Government of the People's Republic of China outside the United Nations and confine itself to sending out various documents instead of a lively exchange of views, which, of course, could have been more conducive to the success of the case, in which we are also all interested in.
Undoubtedly, consideration of this question in the General Assembly would proceed faster and more successfully if the People's Republic of China were a member of the United Nations.
It should also be borne in mind that such a situation with regard to the People's Republic of China encourages the Kuomintang clique to organize various kinds of adventures that endanger the maintenance of peace in the Far East, as can be seen from the example of the aggressive actions of the remnants of the Kuomintang gangs undertaken by them against Burma and the Burmese people. . Such a situation is not only detrimental to the interests of the Chinese people, but also to the interests of other countries, and seriously undermines the authority of the United Nations in the eyes of the peoples of the world.
The non-participation of the People's Republic of China has a negative impact on the activities of such important UN bodies as the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council and a number of other intergovernmental bodies, non-governmental organizations and specialized agencies associated with the UN. The non-participation of the People's Republic of China in the work of these organizations seriously hinders their normal functioning, also undermines their influence and authority, reducing the international significance of these bodies, which they should belong both in essence and in accordance with the UN Charter.
It should be quite obvious that one cannot count on any successful activity, for example, of an economic commission for Asia and the Far East, if a representative of China, the great Chinese people, the great power - the People's Republic of China, occupying a huge territory on the Asian continent, does not participate in it. with a population of about one quarter of the world's population.
A fair solution to the question of restoring the legitimate rights of the Chinese people in the United Nations meets not only the interests of the Chinese people, but also of all peace-loving peoples. A positive solution to this question will undoubtedly enhance the prestige of the United Nations, help ease international tension, and facilitate and speed up the resolution of issues related to the maintenance of peace and international security.
In view of the foregoing, the USSR delegation proposes to the General Assembly that it adopt a resolution, the text of which I had already handed over an hour ago to the Chairman of our Assembly.
The resolution reads:
"The General Assembly deems it essential that the representatives of the People's Republic of China, appointed by the Central People's Government, take China's rightful place in the General Assembly and other organs of the United Nations."
Further delay in resolving this issue cannot but cause serious damage to the cause of strengthening peace, the cause of strengthening the security of peoples and, at the same time, the authority of the United Nations.
The delegation of the Soviet Union expresses confidence that the General Assembly will fulfill its duty by unanimously supporting the draft resolution proposed by our delegation.
Protocol on the exchange rate of the yuan of the People's Bank of China against the ruble. September 22, 1953
The Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China have agreed as follows.
Article 1
All settlements on non-trade payments between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the People's Republic of China, provided for by the Agreement between the Governments of the USSR and the PRC on non-trade payments of November 4, 1950 * and notes between the Government of the USSR of August 18, 1952 and the Government of the PRC of June 21, 1952 g.** - produced since September 1, 1953 at the rate of 5,000 yuan per 1 ruble.
Article 2
Articles 1 and 2 of the Agreement on the exchange rate of the ruble in relation to the yuan of the People's Bank of China between the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China, concluded on June 1, 1951 ***, shall be considered invalid from September 1, 1953.
Done at Beijing on September 22, 1953, in two originals, each in the Russian and Chinese languages, both texts being equally authentic.
(Signatures)
* See Soviet-Chinese relations ... S. 181-183.
** Not published.
*** See Soviet-Chinese relations... S. 231-232.
Statement by Premier of the State Administrative Council of the People's Republic of China, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China Zhou Enlai. October 8, 1953
On September 28, 1953, the government of the Soviet Union sent a note to the governments of France, England and the United States with a proposal to convene a meeting of foreign ministers, based on the following:
1) to consider at a conference composed of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of France, England, the United States of America, the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China measures to reduce international tension;
2) to discuss the German question at a conference composed of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of France, Britain, the United States of America and the Soviet Union, including all the proposals put forward in the course of the preparation of the conference.
I am authorized by the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China to express full approval of this proposal.
The Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China believes that the establishment of a truce in Korea has created favorable conditions for ensuring the reduction of international tension and proved that the resolution of all international disputes can be achieved through peaceful negotiations. At present, the urgent tasks are to ensure the steady implementation of the Korean Armistice Agreement, resolutely prevent the resumption of a war of aggression, smash all plots to obstruct and disrupt the political conference, and promote the rapid convening of a political conference with neutral countries in order to negotiations to resolve the issues of the withdrawal of all foreign troops, the peaceful settlement of the Korean problem and other issues.
The Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China believes that the United Nations should become an organization that safeguards world peace and international security, but should not become an instrument of aggression for the United States. Seeing that the Chinese people have chosen a system of people's democracy - a system that suits the interests of the Chinese people but does not suit the tastes of the Washington authorities - the United States government is preventing the People's Republic of China from obtaining its rightful place in the United Nations. However, without the participation of the People's Republic of China, it is impossible to resolve many important international issues and, above all, those relating to Asia. Therefore, for the United Nations,
The Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China consistently adheres to the peaceful policy of resolving all international disputes through negotiations and the policy of peaceful coexistence of states with different systems; it is constantly striving for a general reduction of international tension in order to consolidate peace in the Far East and throughout the world. The Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China fully approves the proposal of the Government of the Soviet Union to convene a meeting of the Foreign Ministers of the Five Great Powers, since after the Second World War the Five Great Powers - France, England, the United States of America, the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China - bear a particularly great responsibility for the resolution of important issues relating to peace and international security.
Recording of a conversation between G.D. Sokolov with the director of the Beijing State Library Feng Zhongyun. October 23, 1953
The conversation took place at the request of Feng Zhongyun on October 23, 1953 in the premises of the Beijing Library.
At the beginning of the conversation, Feng Zhongyun said that the library has about 60 thousand copies of books in Russian and constantly replenishes this stock by exchanging books with the Lenin Library and the library of the USSR Academy of Sciences. He also asked, if possible, to provide the library with assistance in acquiring Soviet book novelties and wished to establish a closer relationship with the authorized VOKS.
However, the main content of the conversation is as follows.
Feng Zhongyun said that the Beijing Library intends to gradually collect all the remaining copies of the classical Chinese Yongle Encyclopedia in China and other countries. He stated that at present the Beijing Library has 140 copies. this encyclopedia of 400 privately owned by the Chinese and other countries. China received 12 copies of the Yongle Encyclopedia from the Soviet Union. In addition, Feng Zhongyun knows that there are 52 Yongle copies in the Lenin Library in Moscow, which were donated to the Lenin Library by the USSR Ministry of Foreign Trade. Deputy director of the library, head of the Russian department Zhang Quanxin, who was previously in the Soviet Union, looked at the catalog of the library named after. Lenin, where 52 volumes of the mentioned encyclopedia were recorded. Moreover, as Zhang Quanxin noted, he saw them in the general catalog. Feng Zhongyun also said that these copies were previously in the Japanese library in the city of Dalny and, apparently, were taken by the Soviet authorities as enemy property after the surrender of Japan in 1945. Feng Zhongyun stated that they would be very happy to exchange these copies of the Yongle Encyclopedia for other books of historical value in the Beijing Library.
At the end of the conversation, Feng Zhongyun emphasized that he did not officially raise the issue of exchanging or returning the encyclopedia, but only asked that this issue be brought to the attention of the VOKS and the library. Lenin in Moscow*. I promised Feng Zhongyun to inform VOKS. After the conversation, we got acquainted with the book depository of the Beijing Library.
The conversation was attended by Zhang Quanxin and Attache of the USSR Embassy in the People's Republic of China Comrade Sukhov. The conversation was recorded by Comrade Sokolov.
* See doc. 76.
Recording of a conversation between G.D. Sokolov with the head of the delegation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Qian Sanqiang. October 23, 1953
The conversation was organized by the Central OKSD at my request and took place on October 23, 1953 in the building of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Qian Sanqiang spoke about the warm welcome given to Chinese scientists in the Soviet Union*, saying that it will forever remain in the memory of every member of the delegation. Then he dwelled on the work that was done by the members of the delegation after returning to their homeland. Before arriving in Beijing, the members of the delegation stayed for three weeks in Changchun in order to process the materials collected in the Soviet Union. All members of the delegation, after summing up the results of the trip, came to the following unanimous opinion. The first feature of Soviet science is its purposefulness, since all scientific work in the Soviet Union is placed at the service of building communism. Another characteristic feature of Soviet science is the fact that all research work is one organic whole. Along with these two features, Soviet science is developing in an all-round way, and at the same time, with a concentration of forces in the most important directions, criticism and self-criticism are the driving force in the development of Soviet science. As a result, Chinese scientists who visited the Soviet Union, according to Qian Sanqiang, came to the following conclusion: Soviet science is the most advanced science in the world and has the listed features because it is guided by the ideas of Marxism-Leninism.
Further, Qian Sanqiang said that upon arrival in Beijing, the members of the delegation made 7 general reports and 16 special scientific reports, more than 10 thousand personnel workers, teachers of higher educational institutions and scientists listened to the reports. More than 8,000 people, mostly scientific and technical workers, listened to special scientific reports. In addition, the PRC Academy of Sciences, together with the All-China Federation of Scientific Societies in the Field of Natural Sciences, held 11 interviews of specialists in various fields of science, at which the best practices of Soviet science were discussed, and ways for the development of science in China were outlined. Some members of the delegation visited Tianjin, Shanghai, Nanjing, Qingdao, Mukden and Changchun and made a number of similar reports there and took part in interviews.
In August and September of this year, a number of Chinese scientific societies worked out plans for studying the experience of advanced Soviet science in accordance with the nature of these societies and the existing conditions. Qian Sanqiang especially noted the activities of 80 Chinese physiologists, psychologists and medical workers who spent five weeks studying the Pavlovian theory in the premises of the “Temple of Heaven” in Beijing. The classes were held in the form of seminars and were attended by representatives from various places in China. These seminars, according to Qian Sanqiang, were of great importance in popularizing Soviet science and re-educating the intelligentsia. Students of Pavlovian theory expressed the wish that such seminars would be systematic and permanent.
In August and September, (annual) meetings of associations of mathematicians, chemists and physicists were held, at which decisions were made on the need to study advanced Soviet science in order to serve the cause of China's economic construction even more effectively. At present, in accordance with advanced Soviet experience, all higher educational institutions in China are reorganizing their teaching methods and are beginning to carry out research work.
Then Qian Sanqiang briefly spoke about the work carried out at the Academy of Sciences of the People's Republic of China. After the return of the delegation from the Soviet Union, the PRC Academy of Sciences began a detailed study of the situation in its various research institutes in order to reveal the existing shortcomings and draw up a plan of scientific work based on the needs of the country and the available possibilities. In each branch of science, advanced Soviet experience is being studied and plans for further research work are being developed. The purpose of the research work is determined by the tasks of China's industrialization and gradual transition to socialism. Emphasis is placed on work connected with the construction of heavy industry and the discovery of the natural resources of the PRC. After a series of conferences and discussions, the Academy of Sciences drew up a general draft plan of work for five years and a more specific plan for 1954. The draft plan has been distributed to all research institutes and institutions, which must submit their proposals and counter plans within a month. After a joint discussion, a final work plan will be developed and approved. In this regard, Qian Sanqiang pointed out that some Chinese scientists used to be opposed to making any plans for scientific work, emphasizing that the plans impede the creative work of scientists. After a trip to the USSR, the views of these scientists have changed, and most of them are now in favor of planned scientific work. This ended the conversation. I thanked Qian Sanqiang for the interesting message. In this regard, Qian Sanqiang pointed out that some Chinese scientists used to be opposed to making any plans for scientific work, emphasizing that the plans impede the creative work of scientists. After a trip to the USSR, the views of these scientists have changed, and most of them are now in favor of planned scientific work.
The conversation was attended by Comrade Qiu Qing, representative of the Central OKSD, and Comrade Sukhov, attaché of the USSR Embassy in the PRC.
The conversation was recorded by Comrade Sokolov.
* A delegation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences was in the USSR in March-May 1953.
Letters of recall of the Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the USSR to the PRC V.V. Kuznetsova. December 8, 1953
Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Comrade Mao Zedong
Chairman of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China
Comrade Chairman,
The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics decided to give another appointment to Comrade Vasily Vasilyevich Kuznetsov, recalling him from the post of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics to the People's Republic of China.
Convinced that Comrade Vasily Vasilyevich Kuznetsov contributed to the strengthening of the friendly relations that so happily exist between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the People's Republic of China, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics asks you, Comrade Chairman, to accept with favor his letters of recall.
Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR
K.E. Voroshilov
Bonded: Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR
V.M. Molotov
Credentials of the Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Ambassador of the USSR to the PRC P.F. Yudin. December 15, 1953
Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Comrade Mao Zedong
Chairman of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China
Comrade Chairman,
Desiring to invariably contribute to the further strengthening of the friendly relations that so happily exist between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the People's Republic of China, and expressing confidence that the strengthening of friendship between the USSR and the PRC is in the interests of peace and international security, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics has decided to appoint Comrade Pavel Fedorovich Yudin as his Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary.
Accrediting Comrade Pavel Fedorovich Yudin with this letter, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics asks you, Comrade Chairman, to receive him with favor and believe everything that he will have the honor to expound to you on behalf of the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR
K.E. Voroshilov
Bonded: Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR
V.M. Molotov
Note of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China to the Embassy of the USSR in the People's Republic of China. December 15, 1953
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China shows its respect to the Embassy of the USSR in the PRC and has the honor to ask for assistance in the following.
On the territory of the Chinese province of Xinjiang, good results were achieved in locust control in 1953 thanks to the help of Soviet specialists. In 1954, in this province, locust control work is planned to be carried out on an area of 170,000 hectares, including with the help of aircraft - on an area of 100,000 hectares. This work can only be done with the help of the Soviet Union. In connection with this, it is planned to invite 4 Soviet locust control specialists to work in Xinjiang, as well as request 17 aircraft with all the necessary ground and flight personnel. We hope that one or two specialists will arrive in Xinjiang in January 1954 so that they can assist in training personnel and carrying out preparatory work. One head of the air detachment and one aircraft, please send to Xinjiang in March 1954 to select airfields and carry out preparatory work. The rest of the specialists, as well as the rest of the aircraft, please send to China by the end of April 1954.
The conditions for the work of these specialists and personnel will be determined by the Agreement on the terms of payment for Soviet specialists sent to the People's Republic of China to provide technical assistance of October 25, 1950.
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs expresses its gratitude to the Embassy in advance for assistance in this matter*.
* See doc. 71.
Exchange of telegrams between the Central Committee of the CPSU, the Council of Ministers of the USSR and Chairman of the Central People's Government of China Mao Zedong. December 26, 1953
Chairman of the Central People's
government of the People's Republic of China
Mao Zedong
Dear comrade Mao Zedong!
On your sixtieth birthday, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Council of Ministers of the USSR send you, the experienced leader of the Chinese Communist Party and the leader of the Chinese people, their fraternal communist greetings.
Your whole life is inextricably linked with the heroic struggle of the Communist Party of China for the freedom and independence of the Chinese people, which culminated in their great historical victory - the creation of the People's Republic of China. Under the leadership of the Communist Party, the People's Democratic Republic of China entered the world stage and became a mighty force in the camp of peace and democracy.
In the harsh years of hard struggle against the forces of internal reaction and imperialist oppression, and now, as chairman of the Central People's Government, you have always given and are giving all your strength to the service of the people, the struggle for the triumph of the cause of the working people, for socialism. You wisely combine Marxist-Leninist theory with the practice of the Chinese anti-imperialist revolution, with the construction of a new, people's democratic China, creatively develop the Marxist-Leninist doctrine, and are the standard-bearer of the eternal friendship between the Chinese and Soviet peoples.
From the bottom of our hearts, dear friend and comrade Mao Zedong, we wish you many years of life, strength and health for the happiness of the great Chinese people, for the benefit and prosperity of the People's Republic of China, for the benefit of world peace.
Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Council of Ministers of the USSR
January 4, 1954
Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Council of Ministers of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Dear comrades!
Thank you very much for your congratulations on my birthday.
Allow me to wish that the Soviet people, under the leadership of the great Communist Party of the Soviet Union, achieve new successes in the great cause of building communism.
Chairman of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China
Mao Zedong